?_¡ÿÿÿÿo¸d‘ˆl!`{>First Century Jerusalem© 2003 Bible History OnlineZ{main=ÿ$Z secondInformation{)pf`ÿÿÿÿÿÿZ thirdImagesHffG`ÿÿÿÿÿÿ  îÌ¡¢±²º£î/&;)z4ÿÿ7É7ÿÿÿÿ|CONTEXT‰-|CTXOMAP´|FONTg|KWBTREE+|KWDATA¿|KWMAP|SYSTEM|TOPICÐ|TTLBTREEZ%|bm0¸5|bm1ãÍ |bm10ŸŒ|bm11öy|bm12dv!|bm13=Z$|bm14|bm25í…@|bm26¦[C|bm27¬ÚE|bm28G7H|bm29|QJ|bm3èm |bm30óPM|bm31ÃüO|bm32}mR|bm33ÛS|bm34À°V|bm35oÞY|bm36XG[|bm37\|bm38\Y\|bm39¢O]|bm4‰‚ |bm40o^|bm41Çú_|bm42fýa|bm43ñeb|bm443Öb|bm45sqc|bm5×|bm6ÀÄ|bm7 õ|bm8™g|bm9 #—Žÿÿÿÿ : ÿÿÿÿF1) ÿÿÿÿ;ÿÿÿÿF5 Jerusalem6 |2 4€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€†"€‚ÿhF•± 0Ñ€2˜š‚€‚ë‚¡™€‰€‚ë=Ž˜€‰€‚ëÕ"ë`€‰€‚ë˜ ƹ€‰€‚ë˜(A€‰€‚ëÈüY%€‰€‚뿼€‰€‚ëéõï½€‰€‚ÿ"Whoever has not seen Jerusalem in its splendor has never seen a fine city."– Babylonian Talmud (Succah, 51b)Introduction Overview City of Jerusalem Illustration The Model at the Holyland Hotel (Aerial View) Quotes About Jerusalem The Land of Jerusalem Destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. Recent History of Jerusalem $!|¹ ÔC€2˜š‚ëï¥ÇØ€‰€‚딵ÕJ€‰€‚‚ëxIÛµ€‰€‚ë§v÷A€‰€‚ëÙA-€‰€‚ëÈég€‰€‚뽕ŠÇ€‰€‚ëîþ€‰€‚ë%W4›€‰€‚ëÏ §€‰€‚ëe'•>€‰€‚ëqÔ÷c€‰€‚ë b¾€‰€‚ÿEncyclopedia - Jerusalem Heart Message Adiabenian Palaces Akeldama - Field of Blood Antonia Fortress City of David (Tomb)Damascus Gate Dyers Quarter Gihon Spring Golden Gate Hasmonean Palace Herod's BarracksHerod's Bridge •×  ä'€2˜š‚ëÒš’b€‰€‚ëå}÷–€‰€‚ëL z€‰€‚ëF&G€‰€€‚ë.@Ç¢€‰€‚ëوÀ‰€€‚ë©:€‚ëÛå×»€‰€‚ë×á耉€‚ë/„0œ€‰€‚ëÛH&耉€‚ëá’x€‰€€‚ëç%º€‰€‚ÿHerod's Three Towers Herod's Palace Herod's Theater Hezekiah's Tunnel Hill of Calvary Hinnom Valley Hippicus Tower Hippodrome Houses of the Lower CityHuldah Gates Hyrcanus Monument Kidron Valley Lower City 0"¹  êE€2˜š‚ëÞFï…€‰€‚ëê|„€‰€‚ë¸EN€‰€‚ë^O€‰€€‚ëÎwX€‰€‚ë”/ P€‰€€‚ëH(™(€‰€‚ëžÓhš€‰€‚ëà]v €‚ëÂÚ €‰€€‚ëMñÝü€‰€‚ë&”BÚ€‰€‚ë®4º€‰€€‚ÿMariamne Tower Market Pavilions Jerusalem Model Jerusalem Roads Jerusalem Temple Jerusalem Walls Monument of Alexander Jannaeus Mount of Olives New City Palace of Annas Palace of Caiaphas Phasael Tower Pilate's Aqueduct &×-  ê1€2˜š‚ëS’'€‰€‚ëŠAY€‰€€‚ëQºp€‰€‚ëmÜ€‰€‚ë(m€‘€‰€‚ë¡NI€‰€€‚ëúƒ—€‰€‚ë<¢;Ô€‰€‚ëf•¢Œ€‰€€‚ë/½Èm€‰€‚ëa…Ë—€‰€‚뗱ɀ‰€€‚ë¡æ©€‰€‚ÿPool of Bethesda Pool of Siloam Psephinus Tower Robinson's Arch Serpent's Pool Synagogue of the Freedmen Temple Facade Royal Porticoes Tomb of Absalom Tomb of David Tomb of Huldah Tyropoeon Valley Upper Agora Ü]  ΀º€2˜š‚ëvß„¼€‰€‚ëí«Ä䀉€‚ëi;ýd€‰€€‚ë\9yÈ€‰€‚둷󀉀€‚ÿUpper City Western Wall Wilson's Arch Women's Gate Xystus Market ,- 5 ) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿ< q 1Ù€ÿÿÿÿq AAerial ViewU)5 Æ , (€R€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿJerusalem Model at the Holyland Hotelv'q <O l€U€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€€‚€‡"€‚ÿ This is a fantastic model of ancient Jerusalem during the time of Jesus and the Second (Herod's) Temple, before its destruction in 70 AD. It was created by archaeologists according to various historical sources: Josephus, the Mishnah, the Talmuds, the Tosephta, and the New Testament as well as archaeological discoveries. It uses mainly the same materials as the original: marble, copper and iron, stone and wood. The model is located in the grounds of the Holyland Hotel in Jerusalem. The model was built to the scale 1:50 (2cms = 1m). Ò™Æ A9 @€5€2˜š‚€‚‚‚†"€‚€‚ÿThe construction of the model was the initiative of the late Mr. Hans Kroch under the supervision of the eminent archeologist Professor M<A5 ichael Avi-Yonah of the Hebrew University. Professor Avi-Yonah supervised the construction of the model and its renovation until his death in 1974. Mrs. Eva Avi-Yonah drew the plans of the entire model, as well as sections and facades of most of the buildings. A<[A1K ;®‰ÿÿÿÿ[AeLAntonia Fortress@A›A, (€(€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿAntonia Fortress@ñ[AÛCO l€é€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€€€‚ÿ In 35 B.C. King Herod rebuilt the Baris, a strong fortress to protect the Temple Mount. It was located on the Northwest corner of the Temple Mount and called the Fortress of Antonia, named after Herod’s friend Marc Antony and another of Herod's landmarks. It stood 115 feet high and was partly surrounded by a deep ravine 165 feet wide. It functioned as headquarters for the Roman soldiers, a palace and a barracks. Herod constructed a secret passage from the fortress to the Temple.¨w›AƒF1 0€ï€2˜š‚€‚‚‚€ ‚‚‚ÿWhile overlooking Jerusalem, the Antonia Fortress was garrisoned with 600 Roman soldiers, who watched over the Temple courts in order to preserve order. The Bible spoke about the Antonia Fortress as a barracks (Acts 21:37), and it was here that Paul gave an address to the people (22:1-21). Acts 21:32-36 33 Then the commander came near and took him, and commanded him to be bound with two chains; and he asked who he was and what he had done. 34 And some among the multitude cried one thing and some another. So when he could not ascertain the truth because of the tumult, he commanded him to be taken into the barracks. =ÛCÀH/ ,€€2˜š‚€ ‚‚€‚‚ÿ35 When he reached the stairs, he had to be carried by the soldiers because of the violence of the mob. 36 For the multitude of the people followed after, crying out," Away with him!"It is believed that it was here at the Antonia Fortress where Pontius Pilate judged Jesus, but it there is also a possibility that Jesus was judged at the Herodian fortress on the opposite end of the city. Herod's palace was the official residence of the Roman procurator's when they came to Jerusalem during the major Jewish festivals.úŃFºK5 8€€2˜š‚€‚†"€‚‚‚ÿ The holy ceremonial robes of the High Priest were kept in one of the four guard towers of the Antonia Fortress and were worn only on Passover, Yom Kippur and other important religious feast days. The Romans had realized the tremendous power of the office of the High Priest and had taken custody of the garments as a precautionary measure. In the century before the Roman occupation in 63 BC, the king of Israel had also been the high priest and both offices had been hereditary. The Romans had abolished the kingship and had made the office of high priest appointive, always subject to their approval. Nonetheless, in Jesus' day the high priest remained the most powerful figure in the Jewish nation.XÀH;L) "€°€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿIn 70 A.D. Titus destroyed the Antonia Fortress while sparing the Herodian Fortress.*ºKeL' €€"š‚€‚ÿ> ;L£L1 €‹ÿÿÿÿ£LpNCity of David9eLÜL) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿCity of David”E£LpNO l€‘€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚€‚ÿ A portion of the SE hill of Jerusalem, including Mt. Zion, where the fortress of the Jebusites stood. This fortress was reduced by David, who built a new palace and city, named after him (1 Chron 11:5).Bethlehem, the native town of David, is also called, from that circumstance, the city of David (Luke 2:11).AÜL±N1²®‰ÿÿÿÿ±N.€Hasmonean Palace<pNíN) "€&€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHasmonean Palace5è±N.€M h€×€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Located on the Western side of the Upper City. It contained a roof called the Xystus with where the people in the large square below could be addressed. It had large courts, living quarteríN.€pNs, baths, and a service court.EíNs€1u‹Xÿÿÿÿs€£„Herod's Three Towers@.€³€) "€.€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHerod's Three Towersóts€¦ƒ Ì€ï€2˜š‚€†"€ ‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚ë&”BÚ€‰€‚‚ë©:€‚‚ëÞFï…€‰€‚ÿ Built to protect the western side of the city of Jerusalem and his marvelous palace were Herod's 3 towers. These were fantastic towers, the largest was the Phasael Tower but the most beautiful was his Mariamne Tower.1. Phasael Tower (the largest, named after his brother stood 145 feet high).2. Hippicus Tower (named after a friend, and was 132 feet high)3. Mariamme Tower (named after his beloved Hasmonean wife whom he had murdered. Josephus said "the king considering it appropriate that the tower named after a woman should surpass in decoration those called after men." It stood 74 feet high).ýʳ€£„3 4€•€2˜š‚€‚‚‚€€‚‚ÿWhen Titus destroyed most of Jerusalem in 70 AD., he spared Herod's fortress.Nothing remains of Herod's three towers and a Citadel named "David's Tower" stands on the spot of a Phasael’s Tower.?¦ƒâ„1½ýÿÿÿÿâ„`‰Herod's Palace:£„…) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHerod's Palace¾â„$‡J b€ƒ€2˜š‚€†"€ ‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚ÿ King Herod built a fantastic fortified palace to provide protection for the Upper City. Just like the Temple, Herod's Palace was constructed on a platform, about 1000 feet (from north-south), and 180 feet (from east-west). The Palace consisted of 2 main buildings, each with its banquet halls, baths, and accommodation for hundreds of guests. It was surrounded with groves of trees, canals, and ponds studded with bronze fountains. Ð…5‰A P€¡€2˜š‚€ëÒš’b€‰€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿAt the north side of Herod's palace were three towers (see Herod's three towers).The praetorium of the trial of Jesus was located at Herod's palace which was actually the official residence of the Roman governors when they came to Jerusalem during major Jewish festivals.Unfortunately, nothing remains of its construction.HEROD'S PALACE This model at the Holy Land Hotel is a Scholar's conception showing how the site may have looked in Jesus' day.+$‡`‰( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ@5‰ ‰1·XÛÿÿÿÿ ‰ŒHerod's Theater;`‰Û‰) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHerod's TheaterÆ ‰ì‹K d€“€2˜š‚€†"€ ‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚ÿ Herod the Great had also built a THEATRE in the Upper City. It was a large, open-air auditorium with semicircular rows of seats ascending from a central stage. Wealthy Jews came there to watch the best of Greek and Roman drama. Most traditional Jews, however, scorned this and other outgrowths of Greco-Roman culture as immoral. This model at the Holy Land Hotel is a Scholar's conception showing how the site may have looked in Jesus' day.+Û‰Œ( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ@ì‹WŒ1X ý´…ÿÿÿÿWŒ{ÆHill of Calvary;Œ’Œ) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHill of Calvary¡VWŒ?ÀK d€³€2˜š‚€†"€ ‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚ÿ Golgotha "Place of the skull" was located outside the second wall. The actual site of the Cross is still under discussion.CAL'VARY (Grk. kranion, a "skull," but having its English form from the translators' having literally adopted the Lat. word calvaria, a bare "skull"; the Gk. is the interpretation of the Heb. Golgotha, which see; the word occurs once, in Luke 23:33, KJV.) Calvary refers to the place where Christ was crucified, designated as the place of a skull (Golgotha), either because of the shape of the mound or elevation or because it was a place of execution. Some claim that Moriah and Calvary are identical. The shift of the city wall from time to time renders it difficult to locate the spot. It would probably have been a prominent place near the public highway, for the R’Œ?ÀŒomans selected such places for public executions.œn’ŒÛÂ. *€Ý€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿFrom the fourth century to the present day the sites of Calvary and of the Holy Sepulcher have been shown within the precincts of the church of the Holy Sepulcher, a Crusader construction, standing where Constantine's Basilica was raised. Others identify the spot with "Gordon's Calvary," N of the present N wall.GOLGOTHA Golgotha meaning the "place of the skull" was probably where Jesus was crucified. In 135 AD Rome's Emperor Hadrian covered this traditional site of Golgotha and Jesus' tomb with a massive pavement. Two centuries later, Constantine removed it and built the first Church of the Holy Sepulcher. 3?ÀÅ, &€€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚ÿCAL'VARY (Gk. kranion, a "skull," Heb. Golgotha ) Calvary refers to the place where Christ was crucified, designated as the place of a skull (Golgotha), either because of the shape of the mound or elevation or because it was a place of execution. Some claim that Moriah and Calvary are identical. The shift of the city wall from time to time renders it difficult to locate the spot. It would probably have been a prominent place near the public highway, for the Romans selected such places for public executions. m?ÛÂ{Æ. *€€2˜š‚€‚‚€‚ÿFrom the fourth century to the present day the sites of Calvary and of the Holy Sepulcher have been shown within the precincts of the church of the Holy Sepulcher, a Crusader construction, standing where Constantine's Basilica was raised. Others identify the spot with "Gordon's Calvary," N of the present N wall.?źÆ1ÿÛ† ÿÿÿÿºÆzÇHippicus Tower:{ÆôÆ) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHippicus Tower†:ºÆzÇL h€z€2˜š‚€†"€ ‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Named after a friend, and was 132 feet high.; ôƵÇ1Õ´…ˆ ÿÿÿÿµÇOÊHippodrome6 zÇëÇ) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHippodrome9ìµÇ$ÊM h€ß€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ South near the Synagogue of the Freedmen was the Hippodrome, built by Herod like a Roman Circus, for chariot races.THE SPORTS HIPPODROME The sports Hippodrome was built by Herod the Great like a Roman circus, for chariot races. The spectators sat on stair-like seats around a central space, which had in the middle a large partition that the chariots raced around. This model at the Holy Land Hotel is a Scholar's conception showing how the site may have looked in Jesus' day.+ëÇOÊ( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ= $ÊŒÊ1†I‹ ÿÿÿÿŒÊmÎHuldah Gates8OÊÄÊ) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHuldah Gates~3ŒÊBÎK d€m€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚ÿ In the wall were the gates of the prophetess Huldah. The wall measured 211 feet. The Ophel corner was so high that from its top "an Arab with a spear looked like a flax worm."A prophetess, the wife of Shallum (which see), who was keeper of the wardrobe (2 Kings 22:14). She dwelt, in the reign of Josiah, in that part of Jerusalem called the Mishneh (the "Second Quarter"). To her the king sent Hilkiah the priest, Shaphan the scribe, and others to consult respecting the denunciations in the lately found book of the law. She then delivered an oracular response of mingled judgment and mercy, declaring the near destruction of Jerusalem but promising Josiah that he should be taken from the world before these evil days came (22:14-20; 34:22-28), about 639 BC Huldah is known only from this circumstance.+ÄÊmÎ( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ; BΨÎ1Jˆå‹ ÿÿÿÿ¨Î·ÏLower City6 mÎÞÎ) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿLower CityÙŒ¨Î·ÏM h€€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ On the SE hill was the Lower City, the ancient city of Jerusalem's core and on its slopes were the crowded houses of the poor.IÞÎ 1zI‹ª ÿÿÿÿ )Houses of the Lower City·Ï ·ÏD·ÏP) "€6€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHouses of the Lower CityÙŒ )M h€€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ On the SE hill was the Lower City, the ancient city of Jerusalem's core and on its slopes were the crowded houses of the poor.?Ph1©å‹¡ÿÿÿÿhÒMariamne Tower:)¢) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿMariamne Tower0ãhÒM h€Í€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Named after his beloved wife whom he had murdered. Josephus said "the king considering it appropriate that the tower named after a woman should surpass in decoration those called after men." It stood 74 feet high.A¢1+ªÿÿÿÿýMarket Pavilions<ÒO) "€&€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿMarket Pavilions®býL h€Ê€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Located within the second wall. can also see the dwelling quarters of the merchants.@O=1.¡”ÿÿÿÿ=+Jerusalem Model;ýx) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿJerusalem Model³f=+M h€Ó€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Model of Ancient Jerusalem during the time of Jesus and the second (Herod's) Temple, before its destruction in 70 AD. Built by archaeologists according to various historical sources: Josephus, the Mishnah, the Talmuds, the Tosephta, and the New Testament as well as archaeological discoveries. It uses mainly the same materials as the original.Oxz1çÿÿÿÿz?Monument of Alexander JannaeusJ!+Ä) "€B€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿMonument of Alexander Jannaeus{/z?L h€d€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Near the Pool of the Sheepmarket.CÄ‚1ê”ìÿÿÿÿ‚) Palace of Caiaphas>?À) "€*€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿPalace of Caiaphas>é‚þ U x€Û€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚†"€‚‚ÿ This is where informal meetings of a small Sanhedrin were held. Peter denied Jesus in one of these courts. This model at the Holy Land Hotel is a Scholar's conception showing how the site may have looked in Jesus' day. This Ossuary of Caiaphas was discovered in Jerusalem by archaeologists. It was carved from limestone and bears the name "Caiaphas", the name of the Temple High Priest during the time of Christ. Ossuaries were typically used to hold the bones of the dead.+À) ( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿAþ j 1Æ ç½ÿÿÿÿj ’DPool of Bethesda<) ¦ ) "€&€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿPool of Bethesdaà•j †K d€1€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚ÿ The Pool of the Sheepmarket was just below the Fortress of Antonia.BETHES'DA (beth-ez'da; Gk. from Aram. Beth hesda, "house of grace"). A spring-fed pool with five porches where invalids waited their turn to step into the mysteriously troubled waters that were supposed to possess healing virtue (John 5:2-4). The last part of v. 3 and all of v. 4, which mention a periodic disturbance of the water by an angel, are placed in brackets in the NASB because there is not sufficient attestation by early texts. Here Jesus healed the man who was lame for thirty-eight years (5:5-9). The place is now thought to be the pool found during the repairs in 1888 near St. Anne's Church in the Bezetha quarter of Jerusalem not far from the Sheep's Gate and Tower of Antonia. It is below the crypt of the ruined fourth-century church and has a five-arch portico with faded frescoes of the miracle of Christ's healing.ç¦ ¥B, &€Ï€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚ÿPOOL OF BETHESDA BETHES'DA Heb. "beth Chesda" (house of mercy) Gk. from Aram. Beth hesda, "house of grace"). A spring-fed pool with five porches where invalids waited their turn to step into the mysteriously troubled waters that were supposed to possess healing virtue (Jn 5:2-4). The disturbance of the water by an angel, are pla†¥B) ced in brackets in the NASB because there is not sufficient attestation by early texts. Here Jesus healed the man who was lame for thirty-eight years. The historicity of this site was once in question. Scholars like Dr. Alfred Loisy, claimed the detail of the five porticoes was invented. They said John made it up to represent the five books of Moses, which Jesus came to fulfill. But recent archaeological discoveries have once again confirmed the Biblical account. In 1956, digging at the ancient Biblical site of Bethesda, archaeologists unearthed a rectangular pool with a portico on each side and a fifth one dividing the pool into 2 separate compartments. í½†’D0 .€{€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚€‚ÿThe place is now thought to be the pool found during the repairs in 1888 near St. Anne's Church in the Bezetha quarter of Jerusalem not far from the Sheep's Gate and Tower of Antonia. It is below the crypt of the ruined fourth-century church and has a five-arch portico with faded frescoes of the miracle of Christ's healing. This model at the Holy Land Hotel is a Scholar's conception showing how the site may have looked in Jesus' day.@¥BÒD1‡ì‘‚ÿÿÿÿÒDFPsephinus Tower;’D E) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿPsephinus Tower ¿ÒDFM h€…€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ NW corner of the third wall. The Psephinus Tower stood 115 feet high according to Josephus and from the top one could see both the Mediterranean Sea and the Mountains of Arabia.@ EYF1†½dƒÿÿÿÿYFŸGRobinson's Arch;F”F) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿRobinson's Arch ¾YFŸGM h€ƒ€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ You may notice an area with a reddish rectangle box around it. That is the area known today as the Western "Wailing" Wall. It gives an idea of how large this wall actually was.> ”FÝG1»‘‚n„ÿÿÿÿÝGZITemple Facade9ŸGH) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿTemple FacadeD÷ÝGZIM h€õ€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Here is where the sacrifices were made. Its Facade was 165 feet high and wide and was built of 3 kinds of marble, with a foundation of blue stones. Josephus described the Temple as resembling "a snowy mountain glittering in the sun."AH›I1Ódƒ‡†ÿÿÿÿ›I-LJerusalem Temple<ZI×I) "€&€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿJerusalem TempleV›I-LS t€ €2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚€ ‚€‚‚ÿ Herod's finest achievement, the Temple in Jerusalem. "One of His disciples said to Him, 'Look, Teacher what wonderful stones and what wonderful buildings." (Mk 13:1) When Herod the Great rebuilt Jerusalem's Temple in 19 BC, he erected a great retaining wall to extend the Temple's base. Taking thousands of workers many years to build, the huge wall was made of limestone blocks (some of them over 30 feet long and 25 feet thick) hauled from a quarry on rollers and hoisted aloft by wooden cranes.@×ImL1n„ßÿÿÿÿmL`‡Royal Porticoes;-L¨L) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿRoyal PorticoescmL OM h€3€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ The Outer Court was surrounded by covered colonnade porches. 162 columns in length which were used for teaching.SOLOMON'S PORCH John 10:23. A portion of the temple which according to Josephus (B. J. 5:5, section 1; Ant. 20:9, section 7) remained from Solomon's time. It rose from a great depth, occupying part of the valley, and supported by a wall 400 cubits high, formed of immense stones, some 20 cubits long. The Chaldaeans spared it, perhaps for its strength and beauty. Our Lord walked in its shelter in winter.Õ¨L„- (€« €2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚‚ÿPORCH, PORTICO, SOLOMON'SPORCH, PORTICO; SOLOMON'S (por'-ti-ko), (he stoa he kaloumene Solomontos): This important element of Herod's temple, preserving in its name a traditional connection with O„-LSolomon, is thrice referred to in the New Testament, namely, in John 10:23; Acts 3:11, "the porch that is called Solomon's"; and Acts 5:12. In these passages the Greek word stoa is translated "porch" but in the Revised Version margin of Acts 3:11 more correctly "portico". In architecture a "porch" is strictly an exterior structure forming a covered approach to the entrance of a building; a "portico" is an ambulatory, consisting of a roof supported by columns placed at regular intervals-a roofed colonnade. The portico bearing Solomon's name was that running along the eastern wall in the Court of the Gentiles of Herod's temple. It had double columns, while that on the South known as the Royal Portico had four rows (compare Josephus, Ant, XV, xi, 3; BJ, V, v, and see TEMPLE, HEROD'S). The portico was the scene of Christ's teaching at the Feast of the Dedication (John 10:23), and was flocked to by the multitude after the healing of the lame man (Acts 3:11). There the apostles preached and wrought other miracles (Acts 5:12).Y+ Or†. *€W€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿCOURT OF THE GENTILES Jesus preached in the Court of the Gentiles which Herod's builders had doubled in size and surrounded with an elaborate Hellenistic portico. This model at the Holy Land Hotel is a Scholar's conception showing how the site may have looked in Jesus' day. Josephus the Jewish historian wrote about the warning signs that were on the barrier that separated the court of the gentiles from the other courts in the Temple. Not until recent times did archaeologists actually discover one. Its seven line inscription read as follows: î´„`‡: B€i€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚ÿNO FOREIGNER IS TO GO BEYOND THE BALUSTRADE AND THE PLAZA OF THE TEMPLE ZONE WHOEVER IS CAUGHT DOING SO WILL HAVE HIMSELF TO BLAME FOR HIS DEATH WHICH WILL FOLLOW> r†ž‡1Œ‡†ºÿÿÿÿž‡ìˆTomb of David9`‡ׇ) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿTomb of DavidÈž‡ìˆM h€—€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Behind the Palace of Caiphus stood the Tomb of David which is a monument that marks the spot where David's tomb was located. The real spot for the tomb is on the SE hill in David's city.< ׇ(‰1äßÇÿÿÿÿ(‰ÐUpper Agora7ìˆ_‰) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿUpper AgoraFù(‰¥M h€ù€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ The area east of the Palace was known as the Upper City, this is where the wealthy Jews lived. In front of the Palace was the Upper Agora (Market Square or Forum).MARKETMARKET (Heb. ma`arab). In the NT the Gk. word 'agora is rendered "market place" and generally denotes any place of public resort in towns or cities where trials are held (Acts 16:19), where citizens resort (17:17), and where commodities are displayed for sale (Mark 7:4). From this is derived 'agoraios, "relating to the market place," and rendered "wicked men from the market place" (Acts 17:5). It is rendered "courts" in Acts 19:38, where it refers to judicial days or assemblies. Agoras in the cities of Greece or Greek cities of Asia Minor were more than markets; they were centers of life. There one might find temples, law courts, and government offices, as well as commercial facilities. Markets in the East were held at or near the gates of cities, where goods were displayed either in tents or the open air (2 Kings 7:18).+_‰Ð( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ; ¥ Ž1Ûº€ÿÿÿÿ ŽÃUpper City6 ÐAŽ) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿUpper City—N ŽäÂI `€£€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚ÿ The hill east of the palace, the Upper City, had been inhabited during biblical times, but was deserted after the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 586 BC. During Herod's reign and in the first century, the Upper City, once more inhabited, was the residential quarter of the Jerusalem aristocracy and priestly families. The Upper Agora, surrounded by porticoes, AŽäÂÐwas the "forum," the place where citizens assembled for business. Another gathering place, this one on the Temple Mount, was the Royal Hall, built by Herod - one of the largest buildings in the Roman Empire. Clearly discernible in the model are luxurious private buildings, remains of which were uncovered recently, mostly in excavations in the Jewish Quarter. The buildings included large rooms decorated with frescoes and mosaics, bathrooms, water cisterns and ritual baths. One such building, revealed in 1970, is known as the "Burnt House." Filled with the implements of everyday life in the first century CE, it was completely burnt as a result of the conflagration that reduced the Upper City to ashes in the year 70 CE.+AŽÃ( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ= äÂLÃ1ê ÇfˆÿÿÿÿLÃùÌWestern Wall<ÈÃ, (€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿWestern Wall5LýÃ1 2€ €2 ˜š‚€†"€ ‚ÿ÷ºˆÃ´Å= H€y€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚ÿ When Rome destroyed the Second Temple in 70 C.E., only one outer wall remained standing. The Romans probably would have destroyed that wall as well, but it must have seemed too insignificant to them; it was not even part of the Temple itself, just an outer wall surrounding the Temple Mount. For the Jews, however, this remnant of what was the most sacred building in the Jewish world quickly became the holiest spot in Jewish life. 5½ÃéÅ1 2€ €2 ˜š‚€†"€!‚ÿÀ‘´Å©É/ ,€#€2˜š‚€‚€‚‚‚ÿYou may notice an area with a reddish rectangle box around it. That is the area known today as the Western "Wailing" Wall. It gives an idea of how large this wall actually was. Also in the background is Wilson's Arch which connected the Upper and Lower Cities.Throughout the centuries Jews from throughout the world made the difficult pilgrimage to Palestine, and immediately headed for the Kotel ha-Ma'aravi (the Western Wall) to thank God. The prayers offered at the Kotel were so heartfelt that gentiles began calling the site the "Wailing Wall." This undignified name never won a wide following among traditional Jews; the term "Wailing Wall" is not used in Hebrew. The Western Wall was subjected to far worse than semantic indignities. During the more than one thousand years Jerusalem was under Muslim rule, the Arabs often used the Wall as a garbage dump, so as to humiliate the Jews who visited it.%ùéÅÎÌ, &€ó€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚ÿTHE WESTERN (WAILING) WALL THE WESTERN (WAILING) WALL "Hakotel Hama'aravi" is all that remains of the Jerusalem temple where Jesus taught and prayed. This wall formed part of the plaza upon which stood the remodeled temple of Herod the Great. Herod's vast remodeling project began in 19 BC, and continued long after his death. It was completed only 7 years before the Romans destroyed the Temple in 70 AD. It acquired the name "Wailing Wall" because during the long exile of the Jewish people from the city, they could return only once a year to mourn the destruction of the Temple. When Israeli tanks rumbled into Jerusalem's Old City in June of 1967, it was the first time, except for a brief period in 135 AD, that Jews controlled the site since 70 AD.+©ÉùÌ( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ= ÎÌ6Í1ˆÿÿÿÿ6ÍèÍWomen's Gate8ùÌnÍ) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿWomen's Gatez.6ÍèÍL h€b€2˜š‚€†"€"‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Northern Side of the Third Wall.OnÍ7Î1ÑfˆΈÿÿÿÿ7ιÎCity of Jerusalem IllustrationJ!èÍÎ) "€B€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿCity of Jerusalem Illustration87ιÎ2 4€€2˜š‚€†"€#‚‚ÿ ?ÎøÎ1Ù¦ˆ‰ÿÿÿÿøÎ’ÏNorthWest Road:¹Î2Ï) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿNorthWest Road`!øÎ’Ï? N€F€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ This road led to Joppa.> 2ÏÐÏ1õΈ ÿÿÿÿÐÏnPhasael Tower9’Ï) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿPhasaeÐÏ’Ïl TowerY ÐÏnL h€ €2˜š‚€†"€ ‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ B°1lj/!ÿÿÿÿ°5Hyrcanus Monument=ní) "€(€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHyrcanus MonumentH °5? N€€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ 9ín1ÉP"ÿÿÿÿnþBarracksH5¶2 4€,€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€ €€‚ÿHerod’s BarracksH nþ? N€€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ > ¶<1¿/k#ÿÿÿÿ<½Xystus Market9þu) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿXystus MarketH <½? N€€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ @uý1ÃPˆ$ÿÿÿÿý€Palace of Annas;½8) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿPalace of AnnasH ý€? N€€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ > 8¾1ökÚ%ÿÿÿÿ¾vDyers Quarter9€÷) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿDyers Quarter@¾v? N€„€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ This area was possibly the location of the Upper Room.> ÷´1Òˆþ&ÿÿÿÿ´HWilson's Arch9ví) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿWilson's Arch[´HJ b€)€2˜š‚€†"€!‚†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ You may notice an area with a reddish rectangle box around it. That is the area known today as the Western "Wailing" Wall. It gives an idea of how large this wall actually was. Also in the background is Wilson's Arch which connected the Upper and Lower Cities.Cí‹1ñÚC'ÿÿÿÿ‹9Adiabenian PalacesBHÍ, (€,€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿAdiabenian Palacesl-‹9? N€^€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ Palaces of Helena Queen of AdiabeneJ̓1þs(ÿÿÿÿƒA Synagogue of the FreedmenI9Ì, (€:€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿSynagogue of the FreedmenJƒ < F€!€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚ÿ There is confusion regarding this synagogue. It could have been that the "Freedmen" were released Roman slaves, who having embraced Judaism had their synagogue at Jerusalem. There is also a possibility that they were "Libertines" which would mean that the synagogue was built for Jews dwelling in Libertum (A Jewish community in Africa). It is also a possibility that they were Jews living in Rome who had been made slaves by the Romans under Pompey but afterward were set free, and had built a synagogue at Jerusalem.+ÌA ( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ? € 1´#C—)ÿÿÿÿ€ 6†Pool of Siloam:A º ) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿPool of Siloam°j€ jF Z€Ù€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚€‚€‚‚ÿ The only permanent water source of the city in this period, the monumental Pool of Siloam, is clearly distinguishable in the model. It was fed by waters of the Gihon Spring diverted through Hezekiah's Tunnel, built in the 8th century BC.SILOAMSILOAM, POOL OF (si'lo-am). The expression "pool of Siloam (which is translated, Sent)" (John 9:7) is found three times in Scripture-Neh. 3:15, "Pool of Shelah"; Isa 8:6, "waters of Shiloah"; John 9:7, "pool of Siloam." If we compare Neh 3:15 with 12:37, we find that the Pool of Shelah, the stairs that go down from the city of David (southern portion of the Temple mount), and the king's garden were in close proximity. Josephus frequently mentions Siloam, placing it at the termination of the Valley of the Cheesemongers or the Tyropoeon Valley (Wars 5.4.1)-but outside the city wall (Wars 5.9.4)-where the old wall bent eastward (Wars 5.6.1), and facing the hill upon which was the rock Peristereon, to the E (Wars 5.12.2). From these descriptions it is quite evident that Josephus speaks of the same place as the present Birket Silwan, on the other side of the Kidron.”jº  G* "€Õ€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿFurther, the evangelist's account (John 9:7) of the blind man sent by Jesus to wash at the pool of Siloam sj GA eems to indicate that it was near the Temple. It was from Siloam that water was brought in a golden vessel to the Temple during the feast of Tabernacles; our Lord probably pointed to it when He stood in the Temple and cried, "If any man is thirsty, let him come to Me and drink" (7:37).The pool of Siloam is fed by a conduit that is cut for a distance of 1,780 feet through solid rock, and which starts at the so-called Virgin's Spring (see En-rogel). The reason for which it was cut is unmistakable. The Virgin's Spring is the only spring of fresh water in the immediate neighborhood of Jerusalem, and in time of siege it was important that, while the enemy should be deprived of access to it, its waters should be made available for those who were within the city. But the spring rose outside the walls, on the sloping cliff that overlooks the valley of Kidron. Accordingly, a long passage was excavated in the rock, by means of which the overflow of the spring was brought into Jerusalem; the spring itself was covered with masonry, so that it could be "sealed" in case of war. That it was so sealed we know from 2 Chron 32:3-4. The following account of the channel and its inscription is from Major C. R. Conder (Palestine, pp. 27 ff.). "The course of the channel is serpentine, and the farther end near the pool of Siloam enlarges into a passage of considerable height. Down this channel the waters of the spring rush to the pool whenever the sudden flow takes place. In autumn there is an interval of several days; in winter the sudden flow takes place sometimes twice a day. A natural siphon from an underground basin accounts for this flow, as also for that of the 'Sabbatic river' in North Syria. When it occurs the narrow parts of the passage are filled to the roof with water.‹bj•K) €Å€2˜š‚€‚ÿ"This passage was explored by Dr. Robinson, Sir Charles Wilson, Sir Charles Warren, and others; but the inscription on the rock close to the mouth of the tunnel was not seen, being then under water. When it was found in 1880 by a boy who entered from the Siloam end of the passage, it was almost obliterated by the deposit of lime crystals on the letters. Professor Sayce, then in Palestine, made a copy, and was able to find out the general meaning of the letters. In 1881 Dr. Guthe cleaned the text with a weak acid solution, and I was then able, with the aid of Lieutenant Mentell, R.E., to take a proper 'squeeze.' It was a work of labor and requiring patience, for on two occasions we sat for three or four hours cramped up in the water in order to obtain a perfect copy of every letter, and afterward to verify the copies by examining each letter with the candle so placed as to throw the light from right, left, top, bottom. We were rewarded by sending home the first accurate copy published in Europe, and were able to settle many disputed points raised by the imperfect copy of the text before it was cleaned."äº GyN* "€u€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿThe inscription records only the making of the tunnel; that it began at both ends; that the workmen heard the sound of the picks of the other party and were thus guided as they advanced, and that when they broke through they were only a few feet apart. The character of the letters seems to indicate that the scribes of Judah had been accustomed for a long time to write upon papyrus or parchment.The pool itself is an oblong tank, partly hewn out of the rock and partly built with masonry, about fifty-three feet long, eighteen feet wide, and nineteen feet deep. The water has a peculiar taste-somewhat brackish-but not disagreeable, though becoming more so with the advance of the hot season.À’•KE. *€%€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿTHE POOL OF SILOAM The expression "pool of Siloam (which is translated, Sent)" is found 3 times in Scripture-- (Neh 3:15, "Pool of Shelah"; Is 8:6, "waters of Shiloah"; Jn 9:7, "pool of Siloam"). Josephus frequently mentions Siloam, placing it at the termination of the Valley of the Cheesemongers or the Tyropoeon Valley (Wars 5.4.1)--butyNEA  outside the city wall (Wars 5.9.4)--where the old wall bent eastward (Wars 5.6.1), and facing the hill upon which was the rock Peristereon, to the E (Wars 5.12.2). From these descriptions it is quite evident that Josephus speaks of the same place as the present Birket Silwan, on the other side of the Kidron. „XyNÉ„, &€±€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚ÿJohn's account (Jn 9:7) of the blind man sent by Jesus to wash at the pool of Siloam seems to indicate that it was near the Temple. It was from Siloam that water was brought in a golden vessel to the Temple during the feast of Tabernacles; our Lord probably pointed to it when He stood in the Temple and cried, "If any man is thirsty, let him come to Me and drink" (7:37). The pool of Siloam is fed by a conduit that is cut for a distance of 1,780 feet through solid rock, and which starts at the so-called Virgin's Spring (En-rogel). The reason for which it was cut is unmistakable. The Virgin's Spring is the only spring of fresh water in the immediate neighborhood of Jerusalem, and in time of siege it was important that, while the enemy should be deprived of access to it, its waters should be made available for those who were within the city. m?E6†. *€€2˜š‚€‚‚€‚ÿBut the spring rose outside the walls, on the sloping cliff that overlooks the valley of Kidron. Accordingly, a long passage was excavated in the rock, by means of which the overflow of the spring was brought into Jerusalem; the spring itself was covered with masonry, so that it could be "sealed" in case of war.?É„u†1Òs¸*ÿÿÿÿu†‡Tomb of Huldah:6†¯†) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿTomb of HuldahY u†‡L h€ €2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ B¯†J‡1Œ—+ÿÿÿÿJ‡”ˆJannaeus Monument=‡‡‡) "€(€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿJannaeus Monument ÀJ‡”ˆM h€‡€2˜š‚€†"€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚ÿ Monument of King Alexander Jannaeus (103-76 BCE). Near the Pool of the Sheepmarket. Josephus speaks of a monument of Alexander (Jannaeus) on the east of the city (5 Wars vii. 3)?‡‡Óˆ1C¸,,ÿÿÿÿÓˆ׉NorthEast Road:”ˆ ‰) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿNorthEast RoadÊŠÓˆ׉@ N€€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ This road led to the Mount of Olives and Bethany. It also intersected with the road that led to Jericho and the Dead (Salt) Sea.@ ‰Š1ÅJ-ÿÿÿÿŠœŠTomb of Absalom;׉RŠ) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿTomb of AbsalomJ ŠœŠ@ P€€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚‚ÿ = RŠÙŠ1ã,€.ÿÿÿÿÙŠùÁGihon Spring8œŠ‹) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿGihon Spring±sÙŠÎÁ> J€ë €2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚ÿ The only permanent water source of the city in this period, the monumental Pool of Siloam, is clearly distinguishable in the model. It was fed by waters of the Gihon Spring diverted through Hezekiah's Tunnel, built in the 8th century BC.The intermittent spring that constituted Jerusalem's most ancient water supply, situated in the Kidron Valley just below the eastern hill (Ophel). This abundant source of water was entirely covered over and concealed from outside the walls and was conducted by a specially built conduit to a pool within the walls where a besieged city could get all the water it needed. "Why should the kings of Assyria come and find abundant water?" the people queried in the time of Hezekiah (2 Chron 32:2-4). Hezekiah's Tunnel, 1,777 feet long, hewn out of the solid rock and comparable to the tunnels at Megiddo and Gezer, conducted the water to a reservoir within the city. From the top of Ophel the ancient Jebusites (c. 2000 BC) had cut a passage through the rock where waterpots could be let down a 40-foot shaft to receive the water in the pool 50 feet back from the Gihon. Early excavations at Jerusalem by the Palestine Exploration Fund under the direction of S‹ÎÁœŠir Charles Warren (1867) resulted in finding the 40-foot rock-cut shaft. It is now known as Warren's Shaft. Conrad Shick in 1891 discovered an ancient surface canal that conveyed water from the Gihon Spring to the old pool of Siloam, located just within the SE extremity of the ancient city. Isaiah seems to have alluded to the softly flowing waters of this gentle brook when he spoke poetically of "the gently flowing waters of Shiloah" (Isa 8:6).+‹ùÁ( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿCÎÁ<Â1VJL…/ÿÿÿÿ<ÂOÈTunnel of HezekiahBùÁ~Â, (€,€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿTunnel of Hezekiah^<ÂÜÄK d€-€2˜š‚€†"€$‚†"€‚‡"€‚‚€ ‚ÿ King Hezekiah had a tunnel constructed which carried water from the Gihon Spring outside the city to the Pool of Siloam."When Hezekiah saw that Sennacherib had come, intent on making war against Jerusalem, he consulted with his officers and warriors about stopping the flow of the springs outside the city, and they supported him. A large force was assembled to stop up all the springs and the wadi that flowed through the land, for otherwise, they thought, the king of Assyria would come and find water in abundance"H~Â$È. *€5€2˜š‚€ ‚€‚‚ÿ (2 Chronicles 32:2-4).These events occurred in the year 701 BCE, when the Assyrian king laid siege to Jerusalem. The Gihon Spring, which was outside the city, confronted King Hezekiah with a double dilemma: to ensure water for the besieged city, yet to deny the source of the water to the Assyrian forces. The Bible describes Hezekiah's solution: "It was Hezekiah who stopped up the spring of water of Upper Gihon, leading it downward west of the City of David "(2 Chronicles 32:30). The waters of the Gihon were diverted into the Gai wadi by means of a tunnel 533 meters (581 yards) long, which was hewed from both ends simultaneously, probably along the course of a natural cleft in the rock. An inscription in the rock at the end of the tunnel describes the completion of the project.+ÜÄOÈ( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ?$ÈŽÈ1d€Úˆ0ÿÿÿÿŽÈ³ÌField of Blood:OÈÈÈ) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿField of BloodŒMŽÈTË? L€Ÿ€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚‚ÿ Hakeldama, the Field of Blood where Judas hung himself.Called at present "Hak ed-damm," it signifies "Field of Blood" (Matt 27:8; Acts 1:18-19), now at the E end and on the southern slope of the valley of Hinnom. The tradition that fixes this spot reaches back to the age of Jerome. Once the tradition was that the soil of this spot, a deep pit or cellar, was believed to have the power of consuming dead bodies in the space of twenty-four hours, so that whole shiploads of it are said to have been carried away in A.D. 1218 AD, in order to cover the famous Campo Santo in Pisa._.ÈȳÌ1 0€]€2˜š‚€‚€ ‚€‚ÿActs 1:18-19 "Now this man purchased a field with the wages of iniquity; and falling headlong, he burst open in the middle and all his entrails gushed out. And it became known to all those dwelling in Jerusalem; so that field is called in their own language, Akel Dama, that is, Field of Blood."?TËòÌ1âL…Ó1ÿÿÿÿò̃ SouthWest Road:³Ì,Í) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿSouthWest Road"ÜòÌZF Z€½ €2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚€‚€‚‚ÿ This road led to the Dead (Salt) Sea.ROADROAD. Not only the trade but the migrations of races from the most ancient times prove that journeys of great extent were made in early antiquity. Commerce and military expeditions necessitated the making of roads and paths, of which the earliest trace is perhaps to be found in the "king's highway" (Num 20:17; 21:22). At first roads were mere tracks formed by caravans passing from one point to another; afterward regular paths were made by laying earth and stones. These roads were required by law, especially for the approaches to the cities of refuge (Deut 19:3). In earlier times the roads betwe,ÍZ³Ìen different cities were in a miserable condition, hardly passable in winter or in the rainy season, though the hard, rocky ground in the mountainous parts of Palestine made it easy to construct good roads. The king's highway, mentioned above, was the public road-probably constructed at the royal cost and kept up for the king and his armies to travel upon. Perhaps toll was taken for the king from the trading caravans. Regular military roads provided with milestones were first constructed in Palestine by the Romans. Jacob and his family traveled a well-known road from Beersheba to Egypt-the middle, or "Shur road," portions of which have been found. The Hebrews probably became acquainted with road making in Egypt, where, in the Delta especially, the nature of the country would require roads and highways to be thrown up and maintained.é,Íl ) €Ó €2˜š‚€‚ÿSix roads in Palestine are worthy of mention, three connecting areas outside of Jerusalem, and three leading from Jerusalem: (1) The first road ran from Ptolemais, on the coast of the Mediterranean, to Damascus, which remains to this day. (2) The second passed along the Mediterranean coast southward to Egypt. Beginning at Ptolemais, it ran first to Caesarea, thence to Disopolis, then through Ascalon and Gaza down into Egypt, with a branch through Disopolis to Jerusalem. Down this branch Paul was sent on his way to Felix (Acts 23:23). (3) The third connected Galilee with Judea, running through the intervening Samaria (Luke 17:11; John 4:4). The journey from Galilee to Judea took three days. (4) The fourth, fifth, and sixth were the three chief roads running from Jerusalem: (a) One ran in the NE direction over the Mount of Olives, by Bethany, through openings in hills and winding ways on to Jericho (Matt 20:29; 21:1; Luke 10:30; 19:1,28-29,37), crossing the Jordan into Perea. This was the road taken by the Galilean Jews in coming to and returning from Jerusalem in order to avoid the unfriendly Samaritans. It was the one over which the Israelites came into Canaan, and by which the Syrian and Assyrian armies advanced on Israel (2 Kings 8:28; 9:14; 10:32-33; 1 Chron 5:26). (b) Another ran from Jerusalem southward to Hebron, between mountains and through pleasant valleys, whence travelers went through the wilderness of Judea to Aila, as the remains of a Roman road still show; or took a westerly direction on to Gaza, a way still pursued, which is of two days' duration. (c) Still another went from Jerusalem to the Mediterranean at Joppa (Jaffa) and has been used since the time of the Crusades, by pilgrims to the holy city from Europe and Egypt.êZƒ - (€Õ€2˜š‚€‚€‚ÿThe highway (Heb. mesilla, "an embanked highway, a thoroughfare") was frequently prepared for temporary purposes, such as the visit of royalty (Isa 45; 62:10), and also for permanent use (Num 20:19; Judg 20:31; 1 Sam 6:12; etc.).> l Á 1ïÚˆ2ÿÿÿÿÁ r Northern Road9ƒ ú ) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿNorthern Roadx9Á r ? N€v€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ This road led to Sychem, Caesarea and Damascus.?ú ± 1»Ó 3ÿÿÿÿ± -Serpent's Pool:r ë ) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿSerpent's PoolÖ± A P€±€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚€‚ÿ Josephus mentioned the "Serpent's Pool" (Jewish Wars, V, iii, 2). Titus leveled "all the places from Scopus to Herod's monument which adjoins the pool called that of the Serpent." Like many such identifications, there is not very much to be said for or against it; it is probable that the pool existed at the time of the siege. It is likely that this is the Beth Memel of the Talmud (the Babylonian Talmud, `Erubin 51 b; Sanhedrin 24 a; Bere'shith Rabba' 51).+ë -( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ= j1€4ÿÿÿÿjC@Western Road8-¢) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿWestern Road•VjC@? N€°€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ This road led northwest t¢C@-o Joppa and also southwest to Bethlehem and Hebron.> ¢@1» ç‡5ÿÿÿÿ@þHHinnom Valley9C@º@) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHinnom Valleyo1@)H> J€g€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚ÿ All of the rubbish from the entire city of Jerusalem was dumped and burnt here. Otherwise called "the valley of the son of Hinnom," or "the valley of Benhinnom"; a deep and narrow ravine with steep, rocky sides to the S and W of Jerusalem, separating Mt. Zion to the N from the "Hill of Evil Counsel," and the sloping rocky plateau of the "valley of Rephaim" to the S. The earliest mention of the valley of Hinnom is in Josh 15:8; 18:16, where the boundary line between the tribes of Judah and Benjamin is described as passing along the bed of the ravine. On the southern brow, overlooking the valley at its eastern extremity, Solomon erected high places for Molech (1 Kings 11:7), whose horrid rites were revived from time to time in the same vicinity by the later idolatrous kings. Ahaz and Manasseh made their children "pass through the fire" in this valley (2 Kings 16:3; 2 Chron 28:3; 33:6), and the fiendish custom of infant sacrifice to the fire-gods seems to have been kept up in Topheth at its southeast extremity for a considerable period (Jer 7:31; 2 Kings 23:10). To put an end to these abominations the place was polluted by Josiah, who rendered it ceremonially unclean by spreading over it human bones and other corruptions (2 Kings 23:10,13-14; 2 Chron 34:3-5). From that time it appears to have become the common cesspool of the city, into which its sewage was conducted to be carried off by the waters of the Kidron, as well as a laystall, where all its solid filth was collected. From its ceremonial defilement and from the detested and abominable fire of Molech, if not from the supposed everburning funeral piles, the later Jews applied the name of this valley Ge Hinnom, "Gehenna," to denote the place of eternal torment. The name by which it is now known is Wadi Jehennam, or Wadi er Rubeb. See Gehenna; Hell.Õ¤º@þH1 0€I€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚‚€‚ÿTHE VALLEY OF HINNOM (GEHENNA) All the rubbish of Jerusalem was burnt here. Its interesting to note that Aceldama (Field of Blood) was here in this valley.A)H?I1€¾ˆ6ÿÿÿÿ?I}JTyropoeon Valley<þH{I) "€&€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿTyropoeon ValleyÂ?I}J@ N€‰€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚ÿ The ravine of the Tyropoean either means "the valley of the cheese makers" or "the valley of the Tyrians" which might have been the Phoenician the section of the city in ancient times.> {I»J16 ç‡7ÿÿÿÿ»J‚Kidron Valley9}JôJ) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿKidron Valleyi-»J]O< F€_€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚ÿ KID'RON (kid'ron; "turbid, dusky, gloomy"; Grk. Kedron; "Cedron," John 18:1, KJV). The brook that flows through the valley of Jehoshaphat. The name was also applied to its bed, the valley of Kidron. It is thus described by Smith (Hist. Geog., p. 511): "To the north of Jerusalem begins the torrent-bed of the Kidron. It sweeps past the Temple Mount, past what were afterward Calvary and Gethsemane. It leaves the Mount of Olives and Bethany to the left, Bethlehem far to the right. It plunges down among the bare terraces, precipices, and crags of the wilderness of Judea-the wilderness of the scapegoat. So barren and blistered, so furnace-like does it [the valley] become as it drops below the level of the sea, that it takes the name of Wady-en-Nar or the Fire Wady. At last its dreary course brings it to the precipices above the Dead Sea, into which it shoots its scanty winter waters; but all summer it is dry." The valley is only 20 miles long but has a descent of 3,912 feet. The place where it enters the Jordan is a narrow gorge about 1,200 feet deep.SôJè, &€§€2˜š‚€€‚ÿThe Kidron was the brook crossed by David when he fled from Absalom (2 Sam 15:23). Solomon fixed it as the limit of Sh]Oè}Jimei's walks (1 Kings 2:37); beside it Asa destroyed and burned his mother's idol, or Asherah (15:13); here Athaliah was executed (Josephus, Ant. 9.7.3; cf. 2 Kings 11:16). It then became the regular receptacle for the impurities and abominations of the idol worship when removed from the Temple and destroyed by the adherents of Jehovah (23:4,6,12; 29:16; 30:14); and in the time of Josiah this valley was the common cemetery of Jerusalem (2 Kings 23:6; Jer 26:23; 31:40).+]O‚( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ9èL‚1·¾ˆ8ÿÿÿÿL‚Ê‚New City4 ‚€‚) "€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿNew CityJ L‚Ê‚@ P€€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚‚ÿ @€‚ ƒ1?$T…9ÿÿÿÿ ƒ€ÎMount of Olives;Ê‚Eƒ) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿMount of Olivesf$ ƒ«…B R€M€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ The ridge of hills east of Jerusalem, separated from it by the Jehoshaphat Valley.THE MOUNT OF OLIVES The Mount of Olives where Jesus prayed was outside the city, opposite the eastern wall of the Temple . Here was the garden of Gethsemane which means "olive press." A north-to-south ridge of hills east of Jerusalem where Jesus was betrayed on the night before His crucifixion. This prominent feature of Jerusalem's landscape is a gently rounded hill, rising to about the height of 830 meters (2,676 feet) and overlooking the Temple. éEƒ¾‡* "€Ó€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿThe closeness of the Mount of Olives to Jerusalem's walls made this series of hills a grave strategic danger. The Roman commander Titus had his headquarters on the northern extension of the ridge during the siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD. He named the place Mount Scopus, or "Lookout Hill," because of the view which it offered over the city walls. The whole hill must have provided a platform for the Roman catapults that hurled heavy objects over the Jewish fortifications of the City. 4«…ò‰, &€€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚ÿIn ancient times the whole mount must have been heavily wooded. As its name implies, it was covered with dense olive groves. The Mount of Olives is also mentioned in a reference by the prophet Zechariah to the future Day of the Lord: "In that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which faces Jerusalem on the east. And the Mount of Olives shall be split in two from east to west, making a very large valley; half of the mountain shall move toward the north and half of it toward the south" (Zech 14:4). 7 ¾‡)Œ* "€€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿIn the New Testament the Mount of Olives played a prominent part in the last week of our Lord's ministry. Jesus approached Jerusalem from the east, by way of Bethphage and Bethany, at the Mount of Olives (Mt 21:1; Mk 11:1). On the night of His betrayal, He and His disciples sang a hymn and went out to the Mount of Olives (Mt 26:30; Mk 14:26), to the Garden of Gethsemane (Mt 26:36; Mk 14:32). In this garden, on the slopes of the Mount of Olives, Jesus was betrayed by Judas and delivered into the hands of His enemies.ªyò‰ÓŽ1 0€ó€2˜š‚€‚‚€€‚ÿName. Its descriptive appellation is "the Mount of Olives" (Heb. har hazzetim, only in Zech 14:4; Grk. to oros tou elaiov, the mount on which the olive grew; Matt 21:1; 24:3; 26:30; Mark 11:1; Luke 19:37; John 8:1). It is referred to (2 Sam 15:30) as "the ascent of the Mount of Olives"; "the mountain which is east of Jerusalem" (1 Kings 11:7); "the mount of destruction" (2 Kings 23:13), from the heathen altars erected there by Solomon (cf. 1 Kings 11:7); "the hills" (Neh 8:15), and "the mount called Olivet" (Acts 1:12). The hill has now two names, Jebel et-Tur, i.e., "the Mount," and Jebel et-Zeitun, "Mount of Olives."ò É )ŒÑÈ) €“€2˜š‚€‚ÿPhysical Features. The Mount of Olives is a limestone ridge, rather more than a mile in length, running in general direction N and S and covering the whole eastern side of the city of Jerusalem. At the N the ridge bends to the W, enclosing the city on that siÓŽÑÈÊ‚de also. At the N about a mile intervenes between the city walls, while on the E the mount is separated only by the valley of Kidron. It is to the latter part that attention is called. At a distance its outline is almost horizontal, gradually sloping away at its southern end; but when seen from below the eastern wall of Jerusalem, it divides itself into three or perhaps four independent summits or natural elevations. Beginning at the N they are: Galilee or Viri Galilaei, from the address of the angel to the disciples (Acts 1:11); Mount of Ascension, now distinguished by the minaret and domes of the Church of the Ascension, in every way the most important; Mount of the Prophets, subordinate to the former; and Mount of Offense. Three paths lead from the valley to the summit. The first passes under the N wall of the enclosure of Gethsemane and follows the line of the depression between the center and the northern hill. The second parts from the first about fifty yards beyond Gethsemane and, striking off to the right up the very breast of the hill, surmounts the projection on which is the traditional spot of the lamentation over Jerusalem and thence proceeds directly upward to the village of Bethany. The third leaves the other two at the NE corner of Gethsemane and, making a considerable detour to the S, visits the so-called "Tombs of the Prophets" and, following a slight depression that occurs at that part of the mount, arrives in its turn at Bethany. Every consideration is in favor of the first path being that which David took when fleeing from Absalom, as well as that usually taken by our Lord and His disciples in their morning and evening walks between Jerusalem and Bethany, and that also by which the apostles returned to Jerusalem after the ascension. Tradition assigns many sacred sites to the Mount of Ascension, Gethsemane, and the place of lamentation. The third of the traditional spots mentioned-that of the lamentation over Jerusalem (Luke 9:41-44)-has been shown to have been badly chosen and that the road of our Lord's "triumphal entry" was not by the short and steep path over the summit but the longer and easier route around the southern shoulder of the southern of the three divisions of the mount.„QÓŽUÎ3 4€£ €2˜š‚€‚€€€‚ÿScripture Notices. The Mount of Olives is mentioned in connection with the flight of David from Absalom (2 Sam 15:30); with the building there of high places by Solomon (2 Kings 23:13); and with the vision of the Lord's departure from Jerusalem (Ezek 10:4,19; 11:23), in which last passage the prophet said, "And the glory of the Lord went up from the midst of the city, and stood over the mountain which is east of the city." The command to "go out to the hills, and bring olive branches," etc. (Neh 8:15), indicates that the mount, and probably the valley at its base, abounded in various kinds of trees. In the time of Jesus the trees were still numerous (Mark 11:8). The only other OT mention of the Mount of Olives is in Zechariah's prophecy of the destruction of Jerusalem and the preservation of God's people (Zech 14:4). The NT narrative makes Olivet the scene of four remarkable events in the history of Jesus: the triumphal entry-its scene being the road that winds around the southern shoulder of the hill from Bethany to Jerusalem (Matt 21:1,8-10; Mark 11:1,8-10; Luke 19:29,36-37,41); the prediction of Jerusalem's overthrow (Mark 13:1-2); Gethsemane-after the institution of the Lord's Supper, Jesus led His disciples "over the ravine of the Kidron" and "out to the Mount of Olives," to a garden called Gethsemane (John 18:1; Matt 26:30,36)+ÑÈ€Î( €€2˜š‚€‚ÿ> UξÎ1Áp…:ÿÿÿÿ¾ÎAÏDamascus Gate9€Î÷Î) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿDamascus GateJ ¾ÎAÏ@ P€€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚‚‚ÿ B÷΃Ï1¡T…;ÿÿÿÿƒÏ•Pilate's Aqueduct=AÏÀÏ) "€(€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿPilate's AqueductɃƒÏ•F Z€ €2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€€ÀÏ•AÏ€‚‚ÿ Pontius Pilate, prefect of Judea (26-36 A.D.) is well-known to us in the New Testament and history, but little is known about Pilate’s construction of the first aqueduct which led from "Solomon's pool" near Bethlehem all the way into the city of Jerusalem. This greatly improved Jerusalem's limited water supply, which was mainly the spring of Gihon and carved out cisterns.?ÀÏÔ1#p…x<ÿÿÿÿÔ¸Herod's Bridge:•) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHerod's BridgeªeÔ¸E Z€Î€2˜š‚€‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚€‚ÿ THE VIADUCT The Viaduct (bridge) linked the Temple with Herod's grand fortified palace.< ô1æ„=ÿÿÿÿôžGolden Gate;¸/, (€€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿGolden Gate„Fô³> J€‘€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚ÿ Golden Gate or Susa Gate.During the time of the First Temple the Eastern Gate (also called Shushan or HaKohan gate) was the main entrance into the Temple area. It was also the gate that Jesus entered on a humble donkey in His triumphal entry. If one were to stand on the Mount of Olives he could look over this Eastern Gate into the huge area presently north of the Dome of the Rock and see all the gates (at different levels) in a perfect line: the East (Shushan) Gate --Outer Court Gate --Inner Court Gate --Temple Entrance. The Talmud makes an interesting observation: ëµ/ž6 :€k€2˜š‚€‚€ ‚€‚‚€‚ÿ"All the walls which were there were high, except the wall in the east, so that the priest who burned the heifer, standing on the top of the Mount of Olives, and directing himself to look, saw through the gateway of the sanctuary, at the time when he sprinkled the blood." [Mishnah, Middot 2:4]. The Golden Gate (Eastern Gate) in the eastern wall of Jerusalem gave access to the courtyards of the Temple from the Kidron valley.= ³Û1UxÜ>ÿÿÿÿÛó Introduction<ž, (€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿIntroduction-ãÛD J b€Ë€2˜š‚€‚€†"€‚‡"€€‚€‚‚‚‚ÿ BKA 374 – First Century Jerusalem Thank you for downloading BKA 374 – First Century Jerusalem. This Bible Knowledge Accelerator program contains a very brief overview of the city of Jerusalem rebuilt by King Herod I (The Great) during the first century AD. You can download more detailed studies concerning various topics by visiting Bible History Online. The Bible Knowledge Accelerator series is brought to you by Bible History Online and written by Rusty Russell. ¯có L f€Ç€2˜š‚€‚‚€ ‚€‚‚€ ‚€‚‚€ ‚‚€‚‚‚‚€‚ÿYou can visit Bible History Online on the Web at: http://www.bible-history.com You can also visit the store for more programs at: http://www.merchantamerica.com/bible My Email Address is: rusty@bible-history.comCreditsJulie B. Montgomery (Jerusalem Painting)Holyland Hotel, Jerusalem Israel (Jerusalem Model)Sharon Compton (Photos)?D 2 1y„€?ÿÿÿÿ2 o@The First Wall>ó p , (€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿThe First Wall Ç2 {D V€“€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€€€‚‚‚ÿ During King Herod's lifetime Jerusalem’s walls surrounded the southern portion of the city as far west as Zion and Ophel hill. The study of Jerusalem's walls is a controversial topic. Josephus refers to 3 outer walls on the north side of the city, the most vulnerable side, to give it protection (Wars 5:4:1; 136), while a single wall was sufficient on the west, south and east, because of the deep valleys surrounding the city on these sides.¾‚p E@< F€€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ë/b”ƒ€‰€‚ÿThe first Wall, which was closest to the center of the city, was not disputed. It was the oldest of the northern walls. It usually dates to the time of the Hasmoneans, about 100 B.C. Josephus describes the wall as having 60 towers (Wars 5:4:3; 158), nearly 120 feet tall and therefore must have been very strong. Parts of th{E@ó is wall have been discovered.See The Second Wall *{o@' €€"š‚€‚ÿ@E@¯@1PÜq‚@ÿÿÿÿ¯@¿CThe Second Wall;o@ê@) "€$€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿThe Second Wall{=¯@eC> J€€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚ÿ The date of its construction and the exact course of the second wall is still under speculation, mainly because archeological discoveries have been few, and so also the literary sources. It was no doubt built during the Herodian period. This wall ran from Herod's palace, by the Damascus gate, all the way to the Antonia fortress at the northwest corner of the temple. According to Josephus, this wall was fairly short and contained 14 towers (Wars 5:4:3; 158). It also had sort of a moat in front of the wall, like a quarry, we know this because of archaeology.Zê@¿C= J€:€2˜š‚€‚ëð€‰€‚€‚ÿSee The Third Wall ?eCþC1!€Ç„AÿÿÿÿþCàFThe Third Wall:¿C8D) "€"€6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿThe Third WallÒþCFF< F€©€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚ÿ The exact location of the third, outermost wall, mentioned by Josephus is also a matter of uncertainty. Josephus mentions that it was this third wall which was built to protect the north side, the most vulnerable side of Jerusalem. That is why it had 90 towers (Wars 5:4:3; 158). Josephus mentions also that it was Herod Agrippa (44 A.D.) who laid the foundations of the Third Wall (Wars 2:11:6; 218). It was completed during the time of the first revolt.šq8DàF) "€â€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿIt is believed that the Third Wall followed the same course as the present-day northern wall of the Old City.> FFG1#q‚" BÿÿÿÿGbÅHeart Message9àFWG) "€ €6˜ˆ˜š‚€‚ÿHeart Messagej$GÁKF Z€M€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿ "Jerusalem, Jerusalem…."Sometimes we ascribe to ancient people a different nature from us, as if they were wholly other than the people we are and know. But we all share the same human nature, made in God’s image, fallen though we are, and the people of ancient Jerusalem wanted the same things that we want for ourselves today.They longed for security and protection, so the city had a massive wall around it. People had to survive and make a living out of the industries available; there were agrarian vocations such as farming, & raising animals. There were fisherman, ship builders, woodworkers, trades in metals, pottery and crafts. There was a merchant class ready to buy and sell anything near or far, and money lenders who lived off of interest payments. They married, and raised children with hopes and dreams, there was a religious life, built through the synagogues and the Temple. Most people were poor and lived in the lower city, a small minority including the King and the High Priest lived the wealthy life in the upper city9WG6 :€ €2˜š‚€‚€€€€‚ÿThe priesthood made their living by representing God. They controlled the mainstay of religious life, the Holy Temple. Great damage can be done to the hearts of people, when those in authority hijack a Divine mandate, and steer it into a self serving direction. The Temple was mandated by God. It was the outgrowth of the original Tabernacle in the wilderness that God commanded Moses to build. (Exo. 25:9) It’s functioning provided for the mediation between Israel and God through it’s vicarious removal of sin through the animal sacrifices performed by the priests, the Levites. God gave the Law to Moses, but He provided mercy through the blood sacrifices for forgiveness, pre-figuring the final sacrifice of the Son of God. All of the national holy days such as Passover and Yom Kippur provided for the cleansing of individuals and the nation of sin. The priests, who were employed to provide that forgiveness, were to be provided for, (2 Chron. 31:4) and like today, many scribes and teachers of the law were ÁKàFof modest means and studied hard to bring education to the people, but there was a priestly class who figured out how to become exceedingly rich, almost beyond measure, through the imposition of Temple taxes on these sacrifices, and by other means.Û¥ÁKá…6 :€K €2˜š‚€‚€€€€‚ÿThe self righteous Pharisees, the so called orthodox and fundamentalists of the day, gained pride and standing by heaping more and more guilt upon the seekers of God with their powerful command of scripture. (Mat. 23: 4) Caiphas and Annas controlled the Temple, making immense wealth off of that guilt as the seekers of God came to God’s provision to remove sin, King Herod was rich off the backs of the people with his taxes, building his massive structures as monuments to himself, and keeping the Priesthood content by building them the Temple. Rome employed an army of tax collectors, and used it’s force to keep this entire political order stable. The system was air tight, until the Messiah greatly upset Jerusalem city life. He cleansed the Temple money changers twice - directly challenging the High Priests (John 2:13; Mat. 21:12) He pulled down the self righteousness of the Bible teachers (Mat. 23), He circumvented all existing corrupt authority, and went directly to the needy people themselves, healing their wounds, forgiving their sins, searching for the lost and shepherding them with mercy and the heart of God, as foretold by the Prophet Ezekiel. (Eze. 34)®oˆ? L€ß€2˜š‚€‚€ ‚‚€‚€€€€‚ÿFor thus says the Lord GOD, "Behold, I Myself will search for My sheep and seek them out. "As a shepherd cares for his herd in the day when he is among his scattered sheep, so I will care for My sheep and will deliver them from all the places to which they were scattered on a cloudy and gloomy day. (Eze 34:12)The seekers and needers of God could be saved by the Messiah’s direct intervention, but the city and it’s system was so completely corrupt, and so misrepresented the God who originally established it as His own dwelling place, that Jesus Himself prophesied over it in a deeply moving climatic momentÁá…P‹2 2€€2˜š‚€‚€ ‚€‚‚ÿ"Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, the way a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you were unwilling. "Behold, your house is being left to you desolate! "For I say to you, from now on you will not see Me until you say, `BLESSED IS HE WHO COMES IN THE NAME OF THE LORD!' "The City today is still the center of religious, political and military controversy, as the headlines testify. Yet Scripture says that God will have His way with this City, it belongs to Him, and one day, soon and very soon, He Himself will return to take it back. º…ˆ 5 8€ €2˜š‚€‚€‚€‚€ ‚ÿFirst by a special outpouring of His Holy SpiritI will pour out on the house of David and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the Spirit of grace and of supplication, so that they will look on Me whom they have pierced; and they will mourn for Him, as one mourns for an only son, and they will weep bitterly over Him like the bitter weeping over a firstborn. "In that day there will be great mourning in Jerusalem, like the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the plain of Megiddo. "The land will mourn, every family by itself; the family of the house of David by itself and their wives by themselves; the family of the house of Nathan by itself and their wives by themselves; the family of the house of Levi by itself and their wives by themselves; the family of the Shimeites by itself and their wives by themselves; all the families that remain, every family by itself and their wives by themselves. ø¿P‹Ä9 @€ €2˜š‚€ €‚‚€‚€‚€ ‚ÿ(Zech. 12:10-14)Second by coming to the City again Himself, to the very place that He ascended from almost 2000 years ago.Behold, a day is coming for the LORD when the spoil taken ÄàFfrom you will be divided among you. For I will gather all the nations against Jerusalem to battle, and the city will be captured, the houses plundered, the women ravished and half of the city exiled, but the rest of the people will not be cut off from the city. Then the LORD will go forth and fight against those nations, as when He fights on a day of battle. In that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which is in front of Jerusalem on the east; and the Mount of Olives will be split in its middle from east to west by a very large valley, so that half of the mountain will move toward the north and the other half toward the south. You will flee by the valley of My mountains, for the valley of the mountains will reach to Azel; yes, you will flee just as you fled before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. Then the LORD, my God, will come, and all the holy ones with Him! … And the LORD will be king over all the earth; in that day the LORD will be the only one, and His name the only one. T" bÅ2 2€E€2˜š‚€ €‚‚€‚‚ÿ(Zech. 14:1-5, 9)When one considers that the prophet Zechariah in the Old Testament wrote these words in the 6th century BC, they take on great weight. Jerusalem belongs to the Lord, and as these last days blossom and bloom, it will continue to be a sign and a wonder to the world.AÄ£Å1žÇ„ƒˆ Cÿÿÿÿ£ÅÎJerusalem Quotes@bÅãÅ, (€(€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿJerusalem QuotesšT£Å}ÈF Z€­€2˜š‚€†"€‚‡"€‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ "Like a snowy mountain glittering in the sun" -Josephus"By far the most distinguished city not in Judea only, but of the whole Orient." -Pliny"Of the 10 measures of beauty that God hath bestowed upon the world, nine of these fall to the lot of Jerusalem." -The Talmud"Erets Yisrael is the navel of the world, and Jerusalem is its center, and the Bet ha Mikdash is at the center of Jerusalem, and the Holy of Holies is at its center, and the Holy Ark is at the center of the Holy of holies, and in front of it is the Foundation Stone on which the world was founded." -The Midrash ÛãňÊ0 .€·€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"No people blessed as thine, no city like Jerusalem" -Christian Hymn"One prayer in Jerusalem is worth 40,000 elsewhere." -Islamic Saying"A city, the fame of which has gone out from one end of the world to the other." -The TalmudPs 48:1-2 "Great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised in the city of our God, in His holy mountain. Beautiful in elevation, the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion on the sides of the north, the city of the great King." –The Biblei;}ÈñÌ. *€w€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿJer 3:17 "At that time Jerusalem shall be called The Throne of the LORD, and all the nations shall be gathered to it, to the name of the LORD, to Jerusalem. No more shall they follow the dictates of their evil hearts." –The BiblePs 125:2 "As the mountains surround Jerusalem, so the LORD surrounds His people from this time forth and forever." –The BiblePs 137:5-6 "If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget its skill! If I do not remember you, let my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth-- if I do not exalt Jerusalem above my chief joy." –The BibleáˆÊÎ. *€Ã€2˜š‚€‚€‚‚ÿZech 9:9 "Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your King is coming to you; he is just and having salvation, lowly and riding on a donkey, a colt, the foal of a donkey." –The BibleT#ñÌTÎ1ö"  DÿÿÿÿTÎ×International Standard EncyclopediaS'ΧÎ, (€N€6˜ˆ˜š‚€€‚ÿInternational Standard Encyclopediaä£TΗA P€K€2˜š‚€‚†"€‚‡"€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ JERUSALEM (je-roo'-sa-lem):For the outline to this article, see Jerusalem 1. In Cuneiform: I. The Name. - The earliest mention of Jerusalem is in the Tell el-Amarna Letters (1450 BC), where it appears in the form Uru-sa-lim; allied with this we have Ur-sa-li-immu on the§Î—Î Assyrian monuments of the 8 th century B.C..The most ancient Biblical form is yerushalem, shortened in Ps 76:2 (compare Gen 14:18) to Salem, but in Massoretic Text we have it vocalized yerushalaim. In Jer 26:18; Est 2:6; 2 Chron 25:1; 32:9 we have yerushalayim, a form which occurs on the Jewish coins of the Revolt and also in Jewish literature; it is commonly used by modern Talmudic Jews.Ѧ§Îh+ $€M€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿ2. In Hebrew: The form Hebrew with the ending -aim or -ayim is interpreted by some as being a dual, referring to the upper and lower Jerusalem, but such forms occur in other names as implying special solemnity; such a pronunciation is both local and late.3. In Greek and Latin: In the Septuagint we get (Ierousalem), constantly reflecting the earliest and the common Hebrew pronunciation, the initial letter being probably unaspirated; soon, however, we meet with (Hierousalem) - with the aspirate-the common form in Josephus, and (Hierosoluma) in Macc (Books II-IV), and in Strabo. This last form has been carried over into the Latin writers, Cicero, Pliny, Tacitus and Suetonius. It was replaced in official use for some centuries by Hadrian's Aelia Capitolina, which occurs as late as Jerome, but it again comes into common use in the documents of the Crusades, while Solyma occurs at various periods as a poetic abbreviation.ª— + $€ÿ€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿIn the New Testament we have (Hierousalem), particularly in the writings of Luke and Paul, and (ta Hierosoluma) elsewhere. The King James Version of 1611 has Ierosalem in the Old Testament and Hierusalem in the New Testament. The form Jerusalem first occurs in French writings of the 12 th century.4. The Meaning of Jerusalem: With regard to the meaning of the original name there is no concurrence of opinion. The oldest known form, Uru-sa-lim, has been considered by many to mean either the "City of Peace" or the "City of (the god) Salem," but other interpreters, considering the name as of Hebrew origin, interpret it as the "possession of peace" or "foundation of peace." It is one of the ironies of history that a city which in all its long history has seen so little peace and for whose possession such rivers of blood have been shed should have such a possible meaning for its name.sh¯ * "€ç€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ5. Other Names: Other names for the city occur. For the name Jebus see JESUS. In Isa 29:1, occurs the name 'ari'el probably "the hearth of God," and in 1:26 the "city of righteousness." In Ps 72:16; Jer 32:24 f; Ezek 7:23, we have the term ha`ir, "the city" in contrast to "the land." A whole group of names is connected with the idea of the sanctity of the site; `ir ha-qodhesh, the "holy city" occurs in Isa 48:2; 52:1; Neh 11:1, and yerushalayim ha-qedhoshah, "Jerusalem the holy" is inscribed on Simon's coins. In Matt 4:5; 27:53 we have he hagia polis, "the holy city," and in Philo, Hieropolis, with the same meaning.‚V 1, &€­€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚ÿIn Arabic the common name is Beit el Maqdis, "the holy house," or el Muqaddas, "the holy," or the common name, used by the Moslems everywhere today, el Quds, a shortened form of el Quds esh Sheref, "the noble sanctuary."Non-Moslems usually use the Arabic form Yerusalem.1. Geology: II. Geology, Climate, and Springs. - The geology of the site and environs of Jerusalem is comparatively simple, when studied in connection with that of the land of Palestine as a whole (see GEOLOGY OF PALESTINE). The outstanding feature is that the rocks consist entirely of various forms of limestone, with strata containing flints; there are no primary rocks, no sandstone (such as comes to the surface on the East of the Jordan) and no volcanic rocks. The limestone formations are in regular strata dipping toward the Southeast, with an angle of about 10 degrees.uL¯ ²A) €™€2˜š‚€‚ÿOn the high hills overlooking Jerusalem on the East, Southeast and Southwest there still remain strata of considerable thickness of those chalky limestones of the po1²AÎst-Tertiary period which crown so many hilltops of Palestine, and once covered the whole land. On the "Mount of Olives," for example, occurs a layer of conglomerate limestone known as Nari, or "firestone," and another thicker deposit, known as Ka`kuli, of which two distinct strata can be distinguished. In these layers, especially the latter, occur pockets containing marl or haur, and in both there are bands of flint.+1ÝE+ $€€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿOver the actual city's site all this has been denuded long ages ago. Here we have three layers of limestone of varying density very clearly distinguished by all the native builders and masons:(1) Mizzeh helu, literally, "sweet mizzeh," a hard, reddish-grey layer capable of polish, and reaching in places to a depth of 70 ft. or more. The "holy rock" in the temple-area belongs to this layer, and much of the ancient building stone was of this nature.(2) Below this is the Melekeh or "royal" layer, which, though not very thick-35 ft. or so-has been of great importance in the history of the city. This rock is peculiar in that when first exposed to the air it is often so soft that it can be cut with a knife, but under the influence of the atmosphere it hardens to make a stone of considerable durability, useful for ordinary buildings. The great importance of this layer, however, lies in the fact that in it have been excavated the hundreds of caverns, cisterns, tombs and aqueducts which honeycomb the city's site.K"²A(H) €E€2˜š‚€‚ÿ(3) Under the Melekeh is a Cenomanian limestone of great durability, known as Mizzeh Yehudeh, or "Jewish mizzeh." It is a highly valued building stone, though hard to work. Geologically it is distinguished from Mizzeh helu by its containing ammonites. Characteristically, it is a yellowish-grey stone, sometimes slightly reddish. A variety of a distinctly reddish appearance, known as Mizzeh ahmar, or "red mizzeh," makes a very ornamental stone for columns, tombstones, etc.; it takes a high polish and is sometimes locally known as "marble."ÕªÝEýK+ $€U€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿThis deep layer, which underlies the whole city, comes to the surface in the Kidron valley, and its impermeability is probably the explanation of the appearance there of the one true spring, the "Virgin's Fount." The water over the site and environs of Jerusalem percolates with ease the upper layer, but is conducted to the surface by this hard layer; the comparatively superficial source of the water of this spring accounts for the poorness of its quality.2. Climate and Rainfall: The broad features of the climate of Jerusalem have probably remained the same throughout history, although there is plenty of evidence that there have been cycles of greater and lesser abundance of rain. The almost countless cisterns belonging to all ages upon the site and the long and complicated conduits for bringing water from a distance, testify that over the greater part of history the rainfall must have been, as at present, only seasonal.Ü(H„) €¹€2˜š‚€‚ÿAs a whole, the climate of Jerusalem may be considered healthy. The common diseases should be largely preventable-under an enlightened government; even the malaria which is so prevalent is to a large extent an importation from the low-lying country, and could be stopped at once, were efficient means taken for destroying the carriers of infection, the abundant Anopheles mosquitoes. On account of its altitude and its exposed position, almost upon the watershed, wind, rain and cold are all more excessive than in the maritime plains or the Jordan valley. Although the winter's cold is severely felt, on account of its coinciding with the days of heaviest rainfall (compare Ezra 10:9), and also because of the dwellings and clothes of the inhabitants being suited for enduring heat more than cold, the actual lowest cold recorded is only 25 degrees F., and frost occurs only on perhaps a dozen nights in an average year. During the rainless summer months the mean temperature rises stýK„Îeadily until August, when it reaches 73,6 degrees F., but the days of greatest heat, with temperature over 100 degrees F. in the shade at times, occur commonly in September. In midsummer the cool northwest breezes, which generally blow during the afternoons and early night, do much to make life healthy. The most unpleasant days occur in May and from the middle of September until the end of October, when the dry southeast winds-the sirocco-blow hot and stifling from over the deserts, carrying with them at times fine dust sufficient in quantity to produce a marked haze in the atmosphere. At such times all vegetation droops, and most human beings, especially residents not brought up under such conditions, suffer more or less from depression and physical discomfort; malarial, "sandfly," and other fevers are apt to be peculiarly prevalent. "At that time shall it be said .... to Jerusalem, A hot wind from the bare heights in the wilderness toward the daughter of my people, not to winnow, nor to cleanse" (Jer 4:11).ˆ_ýK–ˆ) €¿€2˜š‚€‚ÿDuring the late summer-except at spells of sirocco-heavy "dews" occur at night, and at the end of September or beginning of October the "former" rains fall-not uncommonly in tropical downpours accompanied by thunder. After this there is frequently a dry spell of several weeks, and then the winter's rain falls in December, January and February. In some seasons an abundant rainfall in March gives peculiar satisfaction to the inhabitants by filling up the cisterns late in the season and by producing an abundant harvest. The average rainfall is about 26 inches, the maximum recorded in the city being 42,95 inches in the season 1877-78, and the minimum being 12,5 inches in 1869-70. An abundant rainfall is not only important for storage, for replenishment of the springs and for the crops, but as the city's sewage largely accumulates in the very primitive drains all through the dry season, it requires a considerable force of water to remove it. Snow falls heavily in some seasons, causing considerable destruction to the badly built roofs and to the trees; in the winter of 1910-11 a fall of 9 inches occurred.ò„²Œ* "€å€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ3. The Natural Springs: There is only one actual spring in the Jerusalem area, and even to this some authorities would deny the name of true spring on account of the comparatively shallow source of its origin; this is the intermittent spring known today as 'Ain Umm ed deraj (literally, "spring of the mother of the steps"), called by the native Christians 'Ain Sitti Miriam (the "spring of the Lady Mary"), and by Europeans commonly called "The Virgin's Fount." All the archaeological evidence points to this as the original source of attraction of earliest occupants of the site; in the Old Testament this spring is known as GIHON (which see). The water arises in the actual bottom, though apparent west side, of the Kidron valley some 300 yards due South of the south wall of the Charam. The approach to the spring is down two flights of steps, an upper of 16 leading to a small level platform, covered by a modern arch, and a lower, narrower flight of 14 steps, which ends at the mouth of a small cave.òÉ–ˆ°Ã) €“ €2˜š‚€‚ÿThe water has its actual source in a long cleft (perhaps 16 ft. long) running East and West in the rocky bottom of the Kidron valley, now many feet below the present surface. The western or higher end of the cleft is at the very entrance of the cave, but most of the water gushes forth from the lower and wider part which lies underneath the steps. When the water is scanty, the women of Siloam creep down into the cavity under the steps and fill their water-skins there; at such times no water at all finds its way into the cave. At the far end of the cave is the opening of that system of ancient tunnel-aqueducts which is described in VI, below. This spring is "intermittent," the water rising rapidly and gushing forth with considerable force, several times in the 24 hours after the rainy season, an²Œ°ÃÎd only once or twice in the dry. This "intermittent" condition of springs is not uncommon in Palestine, and is explained by the accumulation of the underground water in certain cavities or cracks in the rock, which together make up a reservoir which empties itself by syphon action. Where the accumulated water reaches the bend of the syphon, the overflow commences and continues to run until the reservoir is emptied. Such a phenomenon is naturally attributed to supernatural agency by the ignorant-in this case, among the modern fellahin, to a dragon-and natives, specially Jews, visit the source, even today, at times of its overflow, for healing. Whether this intermittent condition of the fountain is very ancient it is impossible to say, but, as Jerome (Comm. in Esa, 86) speaks of it, it was probably present in New Testament times, and if so we have a strong argument for finding here the "Pool of Bethesda." See BETHESDA.–m²ŒFÈ) €Û€2˜š‚€‚ÿIn ancient times all the water flowed down the open, rocky valley, but at an early period a wall was constructed to bank up the water and convert the source into a pool. Without such an arrangement no water could find its way into the cave and the tunnels. The tunnels, described below (VI), were constructed for the purpose (1) of reaching the water supply from within the city walls, and (2) of preventing the enemies of the Jews from getting at the water (2 Chron 32:4). The water of this source, though used for all purposes by the people of Siloam, is brackish to the taste, and contains a considerable percentage of sewage; it is quite unfit for drinking. This condition is doubtless due to the wide distribution of sewage, both intentionally (for irrigation of the gardens) and unintentionally (through leaking sewers, etc.), over the soil overlying the rocks from which the water flows. In earlier times the water was certainly purer, and it is probable, too, that the fountain was more copious, as now hundreds of cisterns imprison the waters which once found their way through the soil to the deep sources of the spring. á°ÃQÎ* "€Ã €2˜š‚€‚‚ÿThe waters of the Virgin's Fount find their way through the Siloam tunnel and out at 'Ain Silwan (the "spring" of Siloam), into the Pool of Siloam, and from this source descend into the Kidron valley to water the numerous vegetable gardens belonging to the village of Siloam (see SILOAM).The second source of water in Jerusalem is the deep well known as Bir Eyyub, "Job's well," which is situated a little below the point where the Kidron valley and Hinnom meet. In all probability it derives its modern name from a legend in the Koran (Sura 38:5,40-41) which narrates that God commanded Job to stamp with his foot, whereupon a spring miraculously burst up. The well, which had been quite lost sight of, was rediscovered by the Crusaders in 1184 AD, and was by them cleaned out. It is 125 ft. deep. The supply of water in this well is practically inexhaustible, although the quality is no better than that of the "Virgin's Fount"; after several days of heavy rain the water overflows underground and bursts out a few yards lower down the valley as a little stream. It continues to run for a few days after a heavy fall of rain is over, and this "flowing Kidron" is a great source of attraction to the native residents of Jerusalem, who pour forth from the city to enjoy the rare sight of running water. Somewhere in the neighborhood of Bir Eyyub must have lain `En-rogel, but if that were once an actual spring, its source is now buried under the great mass of rubbish accumulated here (see EN-ROGEL).&üFȃ* "€ù€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿNearly 600 yards South of Bir Eyyub is a small gravelly basin where, when the Bir Eyyub overflows, a small spring called 'Ain el Lozeh (the "spring of the almond") bursts forth. It is not a true spring, but is due to some of the water of Job's well which finds its way along an ancient rock-cut aqueduct on the west side of the Wady en Nar, bursting up here.The only other possible site Q΃Îof a spring in the Jerusalem area is the Chammam esh Shefa, "the bath of healing." This is an underground rock-basin in the Tyropoeon valley, within the city walls, in which water collects by percolation through the debris of the city. Though once a reservoir with probably rock-cut channels conducting water to it, it is now a deep well with arches erected over it at various periods, as the rubbish of the city gradually accumulated through the centuries. There is no evidence whatever of there being any natural fountain, and the water is, in the dry season, practically pure sewage, though used in a neighboring Turkish bath. àQÎŽ+ $€Á €2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿG.A. Smith thinks that the JACKAL'S WELL (which see) mentioned by Nehemiah (Neh 2:13), which must have been situated in the Valley of Hinnom, may possibly have been a temporary spring arising there for a few years in consequence of an earthquake, but it is extremely likely that any well sunk then would tap water flowing a long the bed of the valley. There is no such "spring" or "well" there today.III. The Natural Site. - Modern Jerusalem occupies a situation defined geographically as 31 degrees 46 feet 45 inches North latitude., by 35 degrees 13 feet 25 inches East longitude. It lies in the midst of a bare and rocky plateau, the environs being one of the most stony and least fruitful districts in the habitable parts of Palestine, with shallow, grey or reddish soil and many outcrops of bare limestone. Like all the hill slopes with a southeasterly aspect, it is so thoroughly exposed to the full blaze of the summer sun that in its natural condition the site would be more or less barren. Today, however, as a result of diligent cultivation and frequent watering, a considerable growth of trees and shrubs has been produced in the rapidly extending suburbs. The only fruit tree which reaches perfection around Jerusalem is the olive.ðƃ~ * "€ €2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ1. The Mountains Around: The site of Jerusalem is shut in by a rough triangle of higher mountain ridges: to the West runs the main ridge, or water parting, of Judaea, which here makes a sweep to the westward. From this ridge a spur runs Southeast and East, culminating due East of the city in the MOUNT OF OLIVES (which see), nearly 2,700 ft. above sea-level and about 300 ft. above the mean level of the ancient city. Another spur, known as Jebel Deir abu Tor, 2,550 ft. high, runs East from the plateau of el Buqei`a and lies Southwest of the city; it is the traditional "Hill of Evil Counsel." The city site is thus dominated on all sides by these higher ranges - "the mountains (that) are round about Jerus" (Ps 125:2) - so that while on the one hand the ancient city was hidden, at any considerable distance, from any direction except the Southeast, it is only through this open gap toward the desert and the mountains of Moab that any wide outlook is obtainable. This strange vision of wilderness and distant mountain wall-often of exquisite loveliness in the light of the setting sun-must all through the ages have been the most familiar and the most potent of scenic influences to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.xNŽ @* "€€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ2. The Valleys: Within the enfolding hills the city's proper site is demarked by two main valleys. That on the West and Southwest commences in a hollow occupied by the Moslem cemetery around the pool Birket Mamilla. The valley runs due East toward the modern Jaffa Gate, and there bends South, being known in this upper part of its course as the Wady el Mes. In this southern course it is traversed by a great dam, along which the modern Bethlehem road runs, which converts a large area of the valley bed into a great pool, the Birket es Sultan. Below this the valley-under the name of Wady er Rabadi-bends Southeast, then East, and finally Southeast again, until near Bir Eyyub it joins the western valley to form the Wady en Nar, 670 ft. below its origin. This valley has been very generally identified as the Valley of Hinnom (see HINNOM.)~  @ÎÎ¥~ ÚC) €K€2˜š‚€‚ÿThe eastern valley takes a wider sweep. Commencing high up in the plateau to the North of the city, near the great water-parting, it descends as a wide and open valley in a southeasterly direction until, where it is crossed by the Great North Road, being here known as Wady el Joz (the "Valley of the Walnuts"), it turns more directly East. It gradually curves to the South, and as it runs East of the city walls, it receives the name of Wady Sitti Miriam (the "Valley of the Lady Mary"). Below the Southeast corner of the temple-area, near the traditional "Tomb of Absalom," the valley rapidly deepens and takes a direction slightly to the West of South. It passes the "Virgin's Fount," and a quarter of a mile lower it is joined by el Wad from the North, and a little farther on by the Wady er Rababi from the West. South of Bir Eyyub, the valley formed by their union is continued under the name of Wady en Nar to the Dead Sea.è¿ @ÂK) €€2˜š‚€‚ÿThis western valley is that commonly known as the Brook Kidron, or, more shortly, the "Brook" (hachal), or ravine (see KIDRON), but named from the 5 th century onward by Christians the VALLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT (which see). The rocky tongue of land enclosed between these deep ravines, an area, roughly speaking, a little over one mile long by half a mile wide, is further subdivided into a number of distinct hills by some shallower valleys. The most prominent of these-indeed the only one noticeable to the superficial observer today-is the great central valley known to modern times by the single name el Wad, "the valley." It commences in a slight depression of the ground a little North of the modern "Damascus Gate," and after entering the city at this gate it rapidly deepens-a fact largely disguised today by the great accumulation of rubbish in its course. It traverses the city with the Charam to its east, and the Christian and Moslem quarters on rapidly rising ground to its west. Its course is observed near the Bab es Silseleh, where it is crossed by an ancient causeway, but farther South the valley reappears, having the walls of the Charam (near the "wailing place" and "Robinson's arch") on the East, and steep cliffs crossed by houses of the Jewish quarter on the West. It leaves the city at the "Dung Gate," and passes with an open curve to the East, until it reaches the Pool of Siloam, below' which it merges in the Wady Sitti Miriam. This is the course of the main valley, but a branch of great importance in the ancient topography of the city starts some 50 yards to the West of the modern Jaffa Gate and runs down the Suwaikat Allun generally known to travelers as "David's Street," and thus easterly, along the Tarik bab es Silseleh, until it merges in the main valley. The main valley is usually considered to be the Tyropoeon, or "Cheesemongers' Valley" of Josephus, but some writers have attempted to confine the name especially to this western arm of it.ЧÚCž) €O €2˜š‚€‚ÿAnother interior valley, which is known rather by the rock contours, than by surface observations, being largely filled up today, cuts diagonally across the Northeast corner of the modern city. It has no modern name, though it is sometimes called "St. Anne's Valley." It arises in the plateau near "Herod's Gate," known as es Sahra, and entering the city about 100 yards to the East of that gate, runs South-Southeast., and leaves the city between the Northeast angle of the Charam and the Golden Gate, joining the Kidron valley farther Southeast. The Birket Israel runs across the width of this valley, which had far more influence in determining the ancient topography of the city than has been popularly recognized. There is an artificially made valley between the Charam and the buildings to its north, and there is thought by many to be a valley between the Southeast hill, commonly called "Ophel" and the temple-area. Such, then, are the valleys, great and small, by which the historic hills on which the city stood are defined. All of thÂKžÎem, particularly in their southern parts, were considerably deeper in ancient times, and in places the accumulated debris is 80 ft. or more. All of them were originally torrent beds, dry except immediately after heavy rain. The only perennial outflow of water is the scanty and intermittent stream which overflows from the Pool of Siloam, and is used to irrigate the gardens in the Wady Sitti Miriam.œrÂK:‡* "€å €2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ3. The Hills: The East and West valleys isolate a roughly quadrilateral tongue of land running from Northwest-West to South-Southeast, and tilted so as to face Southeast. This tongue is further subdivided by el Wad into two long ridges, which merge into each other in the plateau to the North. The western ridge has its actual origin considerably North of the modern wall, being part of the high ground lying between the modern Jaffa road to the West, and the commencement of the Kidron valley to the East. Within the city walls it rises as high as 2,581 ft. near the northwestern corner. It is divided by the west branch of the Tyropoeon valley into two parts: a northern part-the northwestern hill-on which is situated today the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the greater part of the "Christian quarter" of the city, and a southern hill-the southwestern-which is connected with the northwestern hill by but a narrow saddle-50 yards wide-near the Jaffa Gate. This hill sustains the citadel (the so-called "Tower of David"), the barracks and the Armenian quarter within the walls, and the Coenaculum and adjacent buildings outside the walls. This hill is from 2,500 to 2,350 ft. high along its summit, but drops rapidly on its southwestern, southern and southeastern sides. In its central part it falls much more gently toward the eastern hill across the now largely filled valley el Wad.Î¥žŠ) €K€2˜š‚€‚ÿThe eastern ridge may be reckoned as beginning at the rocky hill el-Edhemiyeh - popularly known as Gordon's Calvary - but the wide trench made here by quarrying somewhat obscures this fact. The ridge may for convenience be regarded as presenting three parts, the northeastern, central or central-eastern, and southeastern summits. The northeastern hill within the modern wall supports the Moslem quarter, and rises in places to a height of over 2,500 ft.; it narrows to a mere neck near the "Ecce Homo" arch, where it is joined to the barracks, on the site of the ancient Antonia. Under the present surface it is here separated from the temple summit by a deep rocky trench.×:‡À* "€¯ €2˜š‚€‚‚ÿThe central, or central-eastern, summit is that appearing as es Sakhra, the sacred temple rock, which is 2,404 ft. high. This is the highest point from which the ground rapidly falls East, West, and South, but the natural contours of the adjacent ground are much obscured by the great substructures which have been made to sustain the temple platform.The sloping, southeastern, hill, South of the temple area appears today, at any rate, to have a steady fall of from 2,350 ft. just South of the Charam southern wall to a little over 2,100 ft. near the Pool of Siloam. It is a narrow ridge running in a somewhat curved direction, with a summit near 200 ft. above the Kidron and 100 ft. above the bed of the Tyropoeon. In length it is not more than 600 yards, in width, at its widest, only 150 yards, but its chief feature, its natural strength, is today greatly obscured on account of the rubbish which slopes down its sides and largely fills up its surrounding valleys. In earlier times, at least three of its sides were protected by deep valleys, and probably on quite two-thirds of its circumference its summit was surrounded by natural rocky scarps. According to Professor Guthe, this hill is divided from the higher ground to the North by a depression 12 ft. deep and 30-50 yards wide, but this has not been confirmed by other observers. The city covering so hilly a site as this must ever have consisted, as it does today, of houses terraced on steep slopes' with stairways for sŠÀÎtreets.ñÅŠÄ, &€‹€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚ÿIV. General Topography of Jerusalem. - From the foregoing description of the "natural site," it will be seen that we have to deal with 5 natural subdivisions or hills, two on the western and three on the eastern ridges.1. Description of Josephus: In discussing the topography it is useful to commence with the description of Josephus, wherein he gives to these 5 areas the names common in his day (Jewish Wars, V, iv, 1,2). He says: "The city was built upon two hills which are opposite to one another and have a valley to divide them asunder .... Now the Valley of the Cheesemongers, as it was called, and was that which distinguished the hill of the upper city from that of the lower, extended as far as Siloam" (ib, V, iv, 1). Here we get the first prominent physical feature, the bisection of the city-site into two main hills. Farther on, however, in the same passage-one, it must be admitted, of some obscurity-Josephus distinguishes 5 distinct regions:´ŠÀºÆ* "€€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ(1) The Upper City or Upper Market Place: (The hill) "which sustains the upper city is much higher and in length more direct. Accordingly, it was called the citadel (phrourion) of King David .... but it is by us called the Upper Market Place." This is without dispute the southwestern hill.(2) Akra and Lower City: "The other hill, which was called Akra, and sustains the lower city, was double-curved" (amphikurtos). The description can apply only to the semicircular shape of the southeastern hill, as viewed from the "upper city." These names, "Akra" and "Lower City," are, with reservations, therefore, to be applied to the southeastern hill.œsÄVÉ) €ç€2˜š‚€‚ÿ(3) The Temple Hill: Josephus' description here is curious, on account of its indefiniteness, but there can be no question as to which hill he intends. He writes: "Over against this is a third hill, but naturally lower than the Akra and parted formerly from the other by a fiat valley. However, in those times when the Hasmoneans reigned, they did away with this valley, wishing to connect the city with the temple; and cutting down the summit of the Akra, they made it lower, so that the temple might be visible over it." Comparison with other passages shows that this "third hill" is the central-eastern-the "Temple Hill."íºÆlÌ) €Û€2˜š‚€‚ÿ(4) Bezetha: "It was Agrippa who encompassed the parts added to the old city with this wall (i.e. the third wall) which had been all naked before; for as the city grew more populous, it gradually crept beyond its old limits, and those parts of it that stood northward of the Temple, and joined that hill to the city, made it considerably larger, and occasioned that hill which is in number the fourth, and is called 'Bezetha,' to be inhabited also. It lies over against the tower Antonia, but is divided from it by a deep valley, which was dug on purpose. .... This new-built part of the city was called 'Bezetha' in our language, which, if interpreted in the Greek language, may be called the 'New City.' " This is clearly the northeastern hill.ÆVÉ2Ï) €;€2˜š‚€‚ÿ(5) The Northern Quarter of the City: From the account of the walls given by Josephus, it is evident that the northern part of his "first wall" ran along the northern edge of the southwestern hill; the second wall enclosed the inhabited part of the northwestern hill. Thus Josephus writes: "The second wall took its beginning from the gate which they called Gennath in the first wall, and inclosing, the northern quarter only reached to the Antonia." This area is not described as a separate hill, as the inhabited area, except on the South, was defined by no natural valleys, and besides covering the northwestern hill, must have extended into the Tyropoeon valley.ÖlÌ?+ $€­€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿ2. Summary of Names of the Five Hills: Here then we have Josephus' names for these five districts: (1) Southwestern Hill, "Upper City" and "Upper Market Place"; 2Ï?Îalso the Summary Phrourion, or "fortress of David." From the 4 th century A.D., this hill has also been known as "Zion," and on it today is the so-called "Tower of David," built on the foundations of two of Herod's great towers.(2) Northwestern Hill: "The northern quarter of the city." This district does not appear to have had any other name in Old Testament or New Testament, though some of the older authorities would place the "Akra" here (see infra). Today it is the "Christian quarter" of Jerusalem, which centers round the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.i?2Ϩ* "€€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ(3) Northeastern Hill: "Bezetha" or "New City," even now a somewhat sparsely inhabited area, has no name in Biblical literature.(4) Central-eastern Hill: The "third hill" of Josephus, clearly the site of the Temple which, as Josephus says (Jewish Wars, V, v), "was built upon a strong hill." In earlier times it was the "threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite." On the question whether it has any claims to be the Moriah of Gen 22:2, as it is called in 2 Chron 3:1, see MORIAH. The temple hill is also in many of the Hebrew writings called Zion, on which point see ZION.B?ê+ $€/€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿ(5) Southeastern Hill: This Josephus calls "Akra" and "Lower City," but while on the one hand these names require some elucidation, there are other names which have at one period or another come to be applied to this hill, namely, "City of David," "Zion" and "Ophel." These names for this hill we shall now deal with in order.3. The Akra: In spite of the very definite description of Josephus, there has been considerable difference of opinion regarding the situation of the "Akra." Various parts of the northwestern, the northeastern, the southeastern hills, and even the central-eastern itself, have been suggested by earlier authorities, but instead of considering the various arguments, now largely out of date, for other proposed sites, it will be better to deal with the positive arguments for the southeastern hill. Josephus states that in his day the term "Akra" was applied to the southeastern hill, but in references to the earlier history it is clear that the Akra was not a whole hill, but a definite fortress (akra = "fortress").pG¨Z) € €2˜š‚€‚ÿ(1) It was situated on the site, or on part of the site, which was considered in the days of the Maccabees to have been the "City of David." Antiochus Epiphanes (168 BC), after destroying Jerusalem, "fortitled the city of David with a great and strong wall, with strong towers and it became unto them an Akra" (1 Macc 1:33-36). The formidable fortress-known henceforth as "the Akra" - became a constant menace to the Jews, until at length, in 142 BC, it was captured by Simon, who not only razed the whole fortress, but, according to Josephus (Ant, XIII, vi, 7; BJ, V, iv, 1), actually cut down the hill on which it stood. He says that "they all, labouring zealously, demolished the hill, and ceasing not from the work night and day for three whole years, brought it to a level and even slope, so that the Temple became the highest of all after the Akra and the hill upon which it was built had been removed" (Ant, XIII, vi, 7). The fact that at the time of Josephus this hill was evidently lower than the temple hill is in itself sufficient argument against any theory which would place the Akra on the northwestern or southwestern hills. (2) The Akra was close to the temple (1 Macc 13:52), and from its walls the garrison could actually overlook it (1 Macc 14:36). Before the hill was cut down it obscured the temple site (same place) . (3) It is identified by Josephus as forming part, at least, of the lower city, which (see below) bordered upon the temple (compare Jewish Wars, I, i, 4; V, iv, 1; vi, 1). (4) The Septuagint identifies the Akra with Millo (2 Sam 5:9; 1 Kings 9:15-24; 2 Chron 32:5).Ì£ê2D) €G €2˜š‚€‚ÿAllowing that the original Akra of the Syrians was on the southeastern hill, it is still a matter of some difficulty to deteZ2DÎrmine whereabouts it stood, especially as, if the statements of Josephus are correct, the natural configuration of the ground has been greatly altered. The most prominent point upon the southeastern hill, in the neighborhood of Gihon, appears to have been occupied by the Jebusite fortress of ZION (which see), but the site of the Akra can hardly be identical with this, for this became the "City of David," and here were the venerated tombs of David and the Judaean kings, which must have been destroyed if this hill was, as Josephus states, cut down. On this and other grounds we must look for a site farther north. Sir Charles Watson (PEFS, 1906, 1907) has produced strong topographical and literary arguments for placing it where the al Aqsa mosque is today; other writers are more inclined to put it farther south, somewhere in the neighborhood of the massive tower discovered by Warren on the "Ophel" wall (see MILLO). If the account of Josephus, written two centuries after the events, is to be taken as literal, then Watson's view is the more probable.M#ZG* "€G€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ4. The Lower City: Jos, as we have seen, identified the Akra of his day with the Lower City. This latter is not a name occurring in the Bible because, as will be shown, the Old Testament name for this part was "City of David." That by Lower City Josephus means the southeastern hill is shown by many facts. It is actually the lowest part of the city, as compared with the "Upper City," Temple Hill and the Bezetha; it is, as Josephus describes, separated from the Upper City by a deep valley-the Tyropoeon; this southeastern hill is "double-curved," as Josephus describes, and lastly several passages in his writings show that the Lower City was associated with the Temple on the one end and the Pool of Siloam at the other (compare Ant, XIV, xvi, 2; BJ, II, xvii, 5; IV, ix, 12; VI, vi, 3; vii, 2).'ü2D¦N+ $€ù €2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿIn the wider sense the "Lower City" must have included, not only the section of the city covering the southeastern hill up to the temple precincts, where were the palaces (BJ, V, vi, 1; VI, vi, 3), and the homes of the well-to-do, but also that in the valley of the Tyropoeon from Siloam up to the "Council House," which was near the northern "first wall" (compare BJ, V, iv, 2), a part doubtless inhabited by the poorest.5. City of David and Zion: It is clear (2 Sam 5:7; 1 Chron 11:5) that the citadel "Zion" of the Jebusites became the "City of David," or as G. A. Smith calls it, "David's Burg," after its capture by the Hebrews. The arguments for placing "Zion" on the southeastern hill are given elsewhere (see ZION), but a few acts relevant especially to the "City of David" may be mentioned here: the capture of the Jebusite city by means of the gutter (2 Sam 5:8), which is most reasonably explained as "Warren's Shaft" (see VII); the references to David's halt on his flight (2 Sam 15:23), and his sending Solomon to Gihon to be crowned (1 Kings 1:33), and the common expression "up," used in describing the transference of the Ark from the City of David to the Temple Hill (1 Kings 8:1; 2 Chron 5:2; compare 1 Kings 9:24), are all consistent with this view. More convincing are the references to Hezekiah's aqueduct which brought the waters of Gihon "down on the west side of the city of David" (2 Chron 32:30); the mention of the City of David as adjacent to the Pool of Shelah (or Shiloah; compare Isa 8:6), and the "king's garden" in Neh 3:15, and the position of the Fountain Gate in this passage and Neh 12:37; and the statement that Manasseh built "an outer wall to the City of David, on the west side of Gihon" in the nachal, i.e. the Kidron valley (2 Chron 33:14).+GÝ+ $€€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿThe name appears to have had a wider significance as the city grew. Originally "City of David" was only the name of the Jebusite fort, but later it became equivalent to the whole southeastern hill. In the same way, Akra was originally the name of the Syrian fort, but the name became extended to the wh¦NÝÎole southeastern hill. Josephus looks upon "City of David" and "Akra" as synonymous, and applies to both the name "Lower City." For the names Ophel and Ophlas see OPHEL.V. Excavations and Antiquities. - During the last hundred years explorations and excavations of a succession of engineers and archaeologists have furnished an enormous mass of observations for the understanding of the condition of ancient Jerusalem. Some of the more important are as follows:ë¦Nóƒ+ $€×€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿIn 1833 Messrs. Bonorni, Catherwood and Arundale made a first thorough survey of the Charam (temple-area), a work which was the foundation of all subsequent maps for over a quarter of a century.1. Robinson: In 1838, and again in 1852, the famous American traveler and divine, E. Robinson, D.D., visited the land as the representative of an American society, and made a series of brilliant topographical investigations of profound importance to all students of the Holy Land, even today.è»ÝÛˆ- (€w €2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚‚ÿIn 1849 Jerusalem was surveyed by Lieuts. Aldrich and Symonds of the Royal Engineers, and the data acquired were used for a map constructed by Van de Vilde and published by T. Tobler.In 1857 an American, J.T. Barclay, published another map of Jerusalem and its environs "from actual and minute survey made on the spot."In 1860-1863 De Vogue in the course of some elaborate researches in Syria explored the site of the sanctuary.2. Wilson and the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1865: In 1864-65 a committee was formed in London to consider the sanitary condition of Jerusalem, especially with a view to furnishing the city with a satisfactory water-supply, and Lady Burdett-Coutts gave 500 pounds toward a proper survey of Jerusalem and its environs as a preliminary step. Captain (later Lieutenant-General Sir Charles) Wilson, R.E., was lent by the Ordnance Survey Department of Great Britain for the purpose. The results of this survey, and of certain tentative excavations and observations made at the same time, were so encouraging that in 1865 "The Palestine Exploration Fund" was constituted, "for the purpose of investigating the archaeology, geography, geology, and natural history of the Holy Land."îóƒõ‹, &€Ý€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚ÿ3. Warren and Conder: During 1867-70 Captain (later Lieutenant-General Sir Charles) Warren, R.E., carried out a series of most exciting and original excavations all over the site of Jerusalem, especially around the Charam. During 1872-75 Lieutenant (later Lieutenant-Colonel) Conder, R.E., in the course of the great survey of Western Palestine, made further contributions to our knowledge of the Holy City.4. Maudslay: In 1875 Mr. Henry Maudslay, taking advantage of the occasion of the rebuilding of "Bishop Gobat's Boys' School," made a careful examination of the remarkable rock cuttings which are now more or less incorporated into the school buildings, and made considerable excavations, the results being described in PEFS (April, 1875).”iÛˆ•À+ $€Ó€2˜š‚€‚‚‚ÿIn 1881 Professor Guthe made a series of important excavations on the southeastern hill, commonly called "Ophel," and also near the Pool of Siloam; his reports were published in Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins, 1882.5. Schick: The same year (1881), the famous Siloam inscription was discovered and was first reported by Herr Baurath Schick, a resident in Jerusalem who from 1866 until his death in 1901 made a long series of observations of the highest importance on the topography of Jerusalem. He had unique opportunities for scientifically examining the buildings in the Charam, and the results of his study of the details of that locality are incorporated in his wonderful Temple model. He also made a detailed report of the ancient aqueducts of the city. Most important of all were the records he so patiently and faithfully kept of the rock levels in all parts of the city's site whenever the digging of foundations for buildings or other excavations gave access to the rõ‹•ÀÎock. His contributions to the Palestine Exploration Fund and Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins run into hundreds of articles.éõ‹¨Â* "€Ó€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ6. Clermont-Ganneau: M. Clermont-Ganneau, who was resident in Jerusalem in the French consular service, made for many years, from 1880 onward, a large number of acute observations on the archaeology of Jerusalem and its environs, many of which were published by the Palestine Exploration Fund. Another name honored in connection with the careful study of the topography of Jerusalem over somewhat the same period is that of Selah Merrill, D.D., for many years U.S. consul in Jerusalem. â•À´Å* "€Å€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿ7. Bliss and Dickie: In 1894-97 the Palestine Exploration Fund conducted an elaborate series of excavations with a view to determining in particular the course of the ancient southern walls under the direction of Mr. T.J. Bliss (son of Daniel Bliss, D.D., then president of the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut), assisted by Mr. A.C. Dickie as architect. After picking up the buried foundations of walls at the southeastern corner where "Maudslay's scarp" was exposed in the Protestant cemetery, Bliss and Dickie followed them all the way to the Pool of Siloam, across the Tyropoeon and on to "Ophel" - and also in other directions. Discoveries of great interest were also made in the neighborhood of the Pool of Siloam (see SILOAM).¨~¨Â\È* "€ý€2˜š‚€‚‚ÿFollowing upon these excavations a number of private investigations have been made by the Augustinians in a large estate they have acquired on the East side of the traditional hill of Zion.In 1909-1911 a party of Englishmen, under Captain the Honorable M. Parker, made a number of explorations with very elaborate tunnels upon the hill of Ophel, immediately above the Virgin's Fount. In the course of their work, they cleaned out the whole Siloam aqueduct, finding some new passages; they reconstructed the Siloam Pool, and they completed Warren's previous investigation in the neighborhood of what has been known as "Warren's Shaft."ºŽ´ÅË, &€€2˜š‚€‚‚‚‚ÿ8. Jerusalem Archaeological Societies: There are several so